Autoreinstallation image

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This page describes how to update the software image on your laptop. The update procedure creates a USB flash key or disk, that when booted on an OLPC laptop, updates its firmware and installs a new version of the operating system image onto NAND flash.

This process changes regularly, so please read the instructions carefully. Some important changes are noted below. The basic procedure has three parts:

1. Preparing the hardware;
2. Preparing the autoupdate image; and
3. Upgrading the machine.

The software version you choose depends on: what version of laptop hardware you are upgrading and whether you want to use a stable version or one of the experimental development versions of the software. The development versions have more features, but also many more bugs (sometimes big ones). The Test Group Release Notes describe the development versions. The Software Release Notes describe the status of important software problems you may have encountered previously. Most people with recent laptops will use the stable version. People with older laptop prototypes may need to use older versions. Developers may wish to use newer versions.

Important Notes

+	Software
XO
	13.2.11	2020-01-29
XS
	xs-0.7	2012-02-20

If you are upgrading firmware, and anything goes wrong which is not mentioned on this page, do not turn off the machine; please get help from OLPC, preferably immediately on IRC or by email.

Firmware q2c24 (in autoreinstallation images "2007-08-17 23:10Z" and "2007-08-18 05:08Z") has been withdrawn because it may brick B2 machines. Be sure you get the latest version of the autoreinstallation image!

The autoreinstallation image version is displayed at the start of the upgrade process. You can also find the version string at the top of the olpc.fth text file in the boot directory.

Recent firmwares do not support A-test boards or pre-B1 machines. Do not use this process if you have one of these; contact OLPC for an upgrade.

Starting with autoreinstallation image "2007-08-15 18:23Z", the upgrade process automatically backs up user data before the upgrade and restores it afterward. The USB key must be large enough to hold both the image to be installed and any and all files the user may have created in /home/olpc. WARNING: the old update procedure entirely erased the flash memory of the system. Be sure you know which version of the autoreinstallation image you are using; download the newest image from the link below if you are not certain.

As of autoreinstallation image "2007-08-17 16:35Z" activating a previously-unactivated machine after the upgrade has been simplified; see details below.

As of Build 542 (firmware Q2C20e), we have fixed a bug that corrupted USB keys which were formatted FAT32.

• Please redownload the autoreinstallation image (olpc-auto.zip) and use the new files.
• You may also want to either reformat your USB key or use a file system checker on it to repair any corruption that may have occurred with the old firmware.

As of Build 525, we have added an activation step to the update process.

• You will need to use the new version of the autoreinstallation image files.
• You must leave the USB flash key or disk in the machine after the upgrade, while it reboots.
• Note that the activation code is only in the build, not in the firmware, so you can (until further notice) keep your firmware up to date while still running Build 406.15, the current recommendation for those of you with B2-1 (ie, 128MB B2) machines.

As of Build 406, we have added a checksum file to the update process.

• You will need both the .img file and the .crc file to update.

This procedure works for recent OLPC hardware:

• Most B1 (see workaround below); and
• All B2, B3, B4 and C laptops.

It has only been tested with Open Firmware:

• If you are running Linux-as-BIOS or Insyde BIOS, see the workaround below.

What kind of laptop is it?

It is important to identify which kind of XO laptop you are upgrading:

• A-Test board (bare motherboards)
• B1 machines (identifiable by a B1-TEST SAMPLE label under the battery)
• B2-1 machines (identifiable by B2-TEST SAMPLE and B2-1 through B2-16 labels under the battery)
• B2-2 machines (identifiable by B2-7-ext label under the battery)
• B3 machines (colored cover-plate; identifiable by a B3-TEST SAMPLE label under the battery)
• B4 machines (textured handle; colored cover-plate; identifiable by a B4-TEST SAMPLE and B4-1 through B4-16 labels under the battery)
• Preproduction (C machines) (fully textured; identifiable by a C-TEST SAMPLE and C-4 label under the battery)

(See the Laptop Development Schedule for a more detailed description of the various development systems.)

System Update Procedure

Preparing the hardware

If you have older (A,B1,B2,B3) laptop hardware, and don't know whether it is running a firmware version older than Q2C11 (2007-05-06), you need to check. (Typing Alt-= will take you to the Developer's Console, where the current firmware version is reported.) If you do have the older firmware, then just press the power button; you do not have to hold the X game key and press the power button as instructed below. (B4, C, and M laptops have firmware more recent that Q2C11.)

1. Plug in your laptop and ensure the battery is charged. It is very important that the update process (Which takes about 3 minutes) not be interrupted.
2. Get a USB flash key or disk with at least 300 MiB of free space in the primary partition.
   • The filesystem should be FAT (like a factory-formatted device).
   • Autoreinstallation will not work if the flash key or disk is partitioned such that the partition type code says "83" (Linux ext2 or ext3), even if the actual filesystem inside the partition is FAT.
   • If the USB disk is not partitioned, builds before 552 will fail to activate.

Preparing the autoupdate image

These instructions are for loading an autoupdate image onto a USB flash key or USB disk drive. The instructions for preparing an SD card are similar.

NOTE: If you have Python available and some familiarity with the command line, then the initialization of the auto-installation directory and the preparation of an update image can be accomplished automatically.

Initializing the auto-installation directory (manually)

1. Download olpc-auto.zip
2. Unzip olpc-auto.zip at the root of the USB flash key or disk drive, thus creating a directory called boot.
   • If you drag and drop the files from the zip archive, you'll have to create the boot directory manually on the flash or disk drive.
   • There will be four files in the boot directory initially: olpc.fth, Q2E41.rom, usbupgos.img, and usbupgrd.img.

Preparing the latest image (manually)

1. If you have previously created an auto-installation image, remove the .img and .crc files from the boot directory of the flash or disk drive. (Don't forget to "Empty Trash.")
2. Download the latest build image (.img) and its checksum file (.crc). You may choose between the the latest stable build and the the latest unstable development build.
   • The image is called osNNN.img ("NNN" represents the build number). The checksum file of the same name has the .crc extension.
   • If you are downloading a build earlier than Build 530, the files on the download site will need to be renamed. For instance, if you want to download Build 528, you would download olpc-redhat-stream-development-build-528-20070720_0056-devel_jffs2.img, and rename it to os528.img, and likewise for its .crc file.
   • If you are downloading a build with a non-integer number, e.g., Build 542.3, you need to rename it without the decimal point, e.f., os5423.img and os5423.crc.
3. Copy osNNN.img and osNNN.crc files to the boot directory of the flash or disk drive.
4. One of the files in the boot directory should be the latest firmware image, Q2E41.rom. If the Firmware page lists a newer firmware release than the one you have, download it to the boot directory.
   • The firmware will be named qXXXX.rom, where XXXX is the firmware release number in hexadecimal (letters A-F and numbers 0-9).
5. Verify that these six files exist in the directory named boot on your USB key or disk: Q2E41.rom; osNNN.img; osNNN.crc; usbupgos.img, usbupgrd.img, and olpc.fth, where the NNNs are the build number to which you are updating.
   • Do not use a flash key or disk for which there have been any errors reported during unzipping: the files may be damaged. As a further safeguard, the firmware checks the integrity of the flash image before reflashing.
   • The CRC file is required even though earlier firmware did not check for the CRC file.
6. You're now ready to upgrade the machine!

Preparing the latest image (automatically)

The sugar-update.py script automates the steps listed above for creating an auto-installation directory and preparing a new image. This is a python script, and as such requires python to run.

Usage

sugar-update.py [-cdflLqs] [-b build] [directory]

Description

This script will create an autoinstallation image boot directory within the specified directory. If the boot directory already exists, it will only download the necessary image files (.img, .crc, and .rom). Any of these files already present within this boot directory will be deleted before the download begins. If no directory is specified, the current working directory will be used.

This script has also has automatic support for downgrades, and will add the necessary force.os file to the boot directory if the build image already present there is newer than the build specified.

Options

-b    Specify a build number; defaults to latest development build

-c    Create a clean auto-installation image, replacing existing boot directory

-d    Force downgrade image; implicit when a newer build exists in boot

-f    Skip firmware update

-l    Print the associated change log

-L    Print the change log for the specified build and quit

-q    Quiet; do not print progress output

-s    Download the latest stable build; overrides the -b option

Examples

If you're creating a boot directory from scratch, you'll simply want to use:

      sugar-update.py /path/to/USBdrive/

By adding the -s flag to the above, the latest stable image will be prepared instead:

      sugar-update.py -s /path/to/USBdrive/

For frequent updates it's useful to show the change log for the new builds:

      sugar-update.py -l /path/to/USBdrive/

Upgrading the machine

Please follow these steps:

(A) Switch off the laptop;

(B) Provide power: put in a battery; plug in the laptop;

(C) Insert the USB key with the autoupdate image;

(D) Switch on the laptop, and watch it carefully;

(D.1) hold down the X game key on the bezel above the power button, while you press the power button; then release the game key when the screen lights up. (>=Q2C11)

(D.2) if the laptop says "Firmware is already current" you can skip to Step (I) below; if instead you see "Updating firmware from q2XXX to q2YYY", then continue with Step (E);

---

(E) Let the firmware update complete; the laptop will then turn off automatically;

(F) Remove all power from the laptop. This step is very important (it resets the embedded controller). Do not remove the USB key yet.

(F.1) unplug the laptop; take out the battery;

(F.2) wait 30 seconds;

(G) Put in the battery; plug the machine back in;

(H) Switch on the laptop;

(H.1) hold down the X game key on the bezel above the power button, while you press the power button; then release the game when the screen lights up. (>=Q2C11)

---

(I) The XO will now, by itself,

boot, to backup the user files, (possibly pausing afterwards for half a minute)

reboot, to upgrade the base image,

reboot, to restore the user files, (finally says "done", and "you can power down now", then pauses)

then powers down itself;

(J) Remove the USB key;

(K) Power on the laptop again without the USB key inserted.

Congratulations: you are running a new build image.

A sample transcript of the update procedure is shown in following section.

Additional notes

• If you have Open Firmware before version Q2C11 (2007-05-06), turn on the power without pressing a game key.
• If you are upgrading an unactivated machine (prior to Build 542), you may see either a message that says, "Could not activate this XO" followed by the serial number of your machine, or else a XO icon in the center of the display with a lock icon in the bottom right corner.
  

  Icon displayed when activation fails.
  If this happens: turn off the machine; reinsert the USB key; and hold down the 'X' and 'check' game buttons down while turning the power on. (If your XO is pre-B4 and does not have a 'check' button, use the 'O' button instead.) Release the buttons when directed. The system should boot into the new system image and perform activation using the activation lease stored on the USB key; Do not remove the USB key until you've reached the sugar "XO" screen, or the activation process will fail;
  • If the USB disk is not partitioned, builds before 552 will fail to activate.
• If your USB device is a harddisk instead of flash, you may need to interrupt the Open Firmware boot sequence by pressing the Esc key (the upper left key on the keyboard, marked with an X in a circle), waiting a moment, then entering probe-usb2. You should see additional entries compared to the initial list that Open Firmware displayed. Then you can enter boot and the update should proceed. This is because many external hard drives take a long time to come ready. Recent firmware should fix this issue.
• If the machine does not power on, you need to reset the EC: (a) unplug the machine; (b) remove the battery; (c) wait 30 seconds; (d) reinsert the battery; (e) reconnect power (i.e., plug in the machine); and (f) power on the machine.This behavior is expected for machines with Li batteries so be prepared for that. Please do not remove the USB key until the activation process is completed.
• When removing all power from the laptop, any external USB peripherals should be disconnected, just in case they are faulty and supply current to the system.
• If anything else goes wrong do not turn off the machine; please get help from OLPC, preferably immediately on IRC (on #olpc or #olpc-help freenode's channels) or by email.
• After the upgrade, a backup of your user files can be found on the USB key with the name 'backup/<your XO's serial number>/complete.tgz'.

Transcript of System Update

Release the game key to continue
OLPC B1, 256 MiB memory installed, S/N Unknown
Open Firmware  CL1   Q2C08  Q2C

USB2 devices:
/pci/usb@f,5/wlan@3,0
/pci/usb@f,5/scsi@1,0
/pci/usb@f,5/scsi@1,0/disk
USB1 devices:
Type the Esc key to interrupt automatic startup
Boot device: /usb/disk:\boot\olpc.fth  Arguments:
Autoreinstallation version: 2007-08-15 19:27Z

Existing firmware version is q2c08

Updating firmware from q2c08 to q2c25
Reading disk:\boot\{{Latest Releases/firmware number}}.rom
Got firmware version: CL1  Q2C25  Q2C
Checking integrity ...
SPI FLASH is type 13 - Spansion, Winbond, or ST
Merging existing manufacturing data
Erasing
0
Writing
ff000
...
Powering off

[Then you remove power, replace power, and turn it back on again...]

OLPC B4, 256 MiB memory installed, S/N Unknown
OpenFirmware  CL1   Q2C25  Q2C

Can't assign address ranges larger than 32-bits
USB2 devices:
/pci/usb@f,5/wlan@3,0
/pci/usb@f,5/scsi@1,0
/pci/usb@f,5/scsi@1,0/disk
USB1 devices:
Type the Esc key to interrupt automatic startup
Boot device: /usr/disk:\boot\olpc.fth  Arguments:
Autoreinstallation version: 2007-08-02 23:28Z

[Boots into Linux]

....lots of kernel boot messages....
Backing up /home/olpc, size 13487
Backing up /security, size 1
Total used KB: 13473, disk free KB: 734112
Skipping from ignore list: /home/olpc/Library

tar: Removing leading '/' from member names
Done!
 *** Done ***

[Reboots]

Autoreinstallation version: 2007-08-02 23:28Z

Existing firmware version is Q2C25
Firmware is already current; skipping update
Existing firmware version is Q2C25
Firmware is already current; skipping update
Activation lease created successfully.
Checking existing OS image on NAND FLASH
Existing OS build is 353 .0

Updating OS image on NAND FLASH from build 353 .0 to build 542 .0
Check file is /pci/usb@f,5/scsi@1,0/disk@0:\boot\OS542.crc
Erasing...
3ff40
Writing 6fd blocks
6fc
Filling with cleanmarkers ...

Done
Booting into linux to restore user files.

[Linux boots up again]

....lots of kernel boot messages....
**** Restoring from backup ****
 *** Done ***

The machine powers off. Upgrade is complete.

Possible Problems

• The majority of problems that have been reported are due to the file format on the USB key or SD card. If you have trouble, the first remedy to try is factory-formatted media, which by default should be a flavor of FAT.
• Installation failed. Solution: download the new autoreinstallation image (olpc-auto.zip) onto a newly formatted USB key and try again.
• Authentication failed! Solution: power off, reinsert the autoreinstallation USB key, hold down the X and the 'check' button (use the 'O' button if you don't have a check button) and while holding them turn the power on. Leave the USB key in until you get the Sugar prompt to enter your name.
• If the USB disk is not partitioned, builds before 552 will fail to activate.
• The image on the laptop has a higher build number than the image on the USB flash. Solution: use the downgrading instructions below.
• It is better if the USB disk is partitioned, but:
  • The partition type must agree with the filesystem type; a FAT filesystem inside a partition marked ext2 won't work.
  • The updater files should be in the partition that is marked as "bootable", or if there isn't one, in the first partition.
  • There is a situation where a disk can appear to both have a partition table and also have a FAT file system starting in the first sector. We are not yet able to support this anomalous situation.
• We have seen some USB disks that take several seconds to detect. In those cases, hold the Game Key for 2+ sec or let the count down expire.
• The main files (olpc.fth, osNNN.img, osNNN.crc, usbupgos.img, usbupgrd.img, and q2XXX.rom) must be in the boot/ subdirectory.
• The current Open Firmware releases do not support USB keys that identify themselves as class "mass_storage/removable" – as opposed to the more common "mass_storage/scsi", which is supported. (A fix for this problem is in the release pipeline, but that doesn't help for upgrading from existing firmware.) The way to check for this is to insert your USB key, power-on the system and stop the auto-boot by typing the Esc key (upper left key) at the countdown. Then look at the list of "USB2 devices". If you see an entry like "/pci/usb@f,5/removable@1,0", your disk has the problem. (If you are running an old version of OFW that does not display the "USB2 devices" list automatically, type "show-devs /usb" to see the list.) The workaround procedure is below.
• The current firmware also fails with USB devices whose hardware sector size is not 512 bytes. To determine the sector size of your device, you can use fdisk on the device under Linux, and it will tell you when it first accesses the device if the sector size is not 512. The workaround is the same as for the "removable" problem, i.e. the procedure below.
• Many Multi-Function devices do not work.
• On an ATest board the X Server may fail to start up. You may need to provide a custom configuration.
• If Laptop loses activation (a message "Could not activate this XO" appears after the kernel has booted) you might need to revert to a previous image (like 515 as suggested in http://www.mail-archive.com/devel@lists.laptop.org/msg00690.html) or follow the procedure described in "Additional Notes" above for an unactivated machine.

Reporting problems

If you are unable to update your machine, please let us know:

1. What version of the software you were upgrading from;
2. What version you were upgrading to;
3. What type of machine you have (b1, b2-1, b2-2, b3, b4, etc);
4. What type of installation media you were using (USB flash key, SD card, something else?);
5. (if you know this) how your installation media was formatted (FAT16, FAT32, ext2/3, etc) and partitioned (no partition, one partition, etc).
   • Did you follow the instructions in Step K (above) carefully for an unactivated machine?
   • Did you see the following text under "possible problems": "If the USB disk is not partitioned, builds before 552 will fail to activate."?

Workaround for LinuxBIOS or Insyde BIOS

If you are running LinuxBIOS, this process will probably not work (it has not been tested). The old version of this procedure may work for you.

If you are still running Insyde BIOS, you will first have to upgrade the firmware using procedures described elsewhere.

Workaround for old B1 systems

If you have a B1 system that has never been upgraded, it is very important to use this page's Autoreinstallation procedure for your first update; do not try to use the "netnandwrite" tool. The reason is that this procedure automatically fixes a manufacturing error in the identification data that was stored in the system firmware FLASH, and updates the firmware, neither of which is done by the network-based tool. Also, some old firmware will not update with the auto-update script. If the standard procedure above doesn't update, instead, follow these steps:

1. Insert the autoupdater key;
2. boot up the laptop and when it says "Press a key to interrupt" then press any key;
3. at the Ok prompt type "flash disk:\boot\Q2E41.rom". The machine will turn off when finished.
4. power up again and boot the autoupdater normally; (It will reflash the NAND with the new build.)

Some additional details

Making a "clean" install

By default, installation process preserves files in /home/olpc. If some of those files are corrupted, it may be desirable to make clean installation. The easiest thing to do is delete the datastore and config files. They will be replaced by clean copies upon reinstallation. From the console:

rm -r /home/olpc/.sugar/default/datastore/
rm /home/olpc/.sugar/default/config
rm /home/olpc/.sugar/default/owner.key*

Then proceed with the standard installation process.

Downgrading

Note: DO NOT DOWNGRADE Q2Cxx firmware to Q2Bxx firmware. This will destroy the manufacturing information. For details, see Firmware.

If you tried to load a build that is older than the one currently installed on your XO, then you will have gotten a message that the software is up to date. Follow this procedure to load an older version:

Automatic downgrade

Note: I don't believe this method works (the force.os didn't work for me). I have updated the manual version.

1. Download the osNNN.img and osNNN.crc files for the old build into the boot/ directory of your autoreinstallation key. Make sure that the boot directory contains both the osNNN.img and osNNN.crc files to which you are downgrading, but not any newer os image.
2. Create a new file in the boot subdirectory with the name 'force.os'. (It does not matter what is in it; it just matters that the subdirectory exists and has that name.) This will cause the autoreinstallation script to try to install the image in boot/, regardless of whether it is older or newer than the current build on your XO.
3. Follow the standard autoreinstallation procedure above.

Manual downgrade

You can also downgrade by using the copy-nand command at the OK prompt.

copy-nand u:\boot\os525.img

After the copy, you need to activate your laptop:

1. reboot the machine holding the 'X' and 'check' game-pad keys; (If your XO does not have a 'check' key, use the 'O' key.)
2. leave the USB stick in while it writes the activation code.

(Note that automatic backup of user files will fail with this technique.)

Reinstalling the same image

If you want to reinstall the *same* image you've currently got, you should find an earlier stable build, use the downgrade procedure, and then the standard upgrade procedure to your new image.

Resetting the EC

There is a capacitor on the reset line of the EC that controls how long the reset signal is asserted. This capacitor is the wrong value so the reset timing is invalid. This means that when you reset the EC with the power enabled there is a good chance it will not boot correctly.

If the EC does not reset correctly then the laptop will not start. Any laptop that is earlier than CTest may have this problem.

The only way to guarantee that the EC is fully reset after you upgrade the firmware is to power it off. The only way to really power off the EC is to remove the external power and the battery. Even when the power to the laptop CPU is off the EC is still powered. The capacitors in the system will hold their charge for several seconds after you remove power. You have to wait 10 seconds to make sure that all the capacitors have discharged.

The reason you do not remove the USB disk is that when the laptop powers off the upgrade procedure is not finished. You still have to boot with the USB disk so that it updates the OS image.

Customizing Nand / Generating CRC files

You can create a custom build, but you will then need to generate a CRC file; please follow these instructions:

git clone git://git.fedoraproject.org/git/pilgrim
cd pilgrim/crcimg
make
./crcimg myfile.img

The output is in myfile.crc

Cheat codes

There are some boot options that are described here.