Activities/All: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Projects : Activities · Collections · Testing
(→Other) |
Crazy-chris (talk | contribs) m (→Activities for download: + some tags) |
||
| Line 54: | Line 54: | ||
|comments = {{Preinstalled}} |
|comments = {{Preinstalled}} |
||
|mime_types = .ogg, .html |
|mime_types = .ogg, .html |
||
|tags = |
|tags = internet, browser |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 140: | Line 140: | ||
|comments = Please test! Part of the [http://www.worldwideworkshop.org/olpcwiki/index.php?title=Latest_Release MaMaMedia Creative Center]. |
|comments = Please test! Part of the [http://www.worldwideworkshop.org/olpcwiki/index.php?title=Latest_Release MaMaMedia Creative Center]. |
||
|mime_types = |
|mime_types = |
||
|tags = |
|tags = create, stories |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 156: | Line 156: | ||
|comments = {{Preinstalled}} |
|comments = {{Preinstalled}} |
||
|mime_types = |
|mime_types = |
||
|tags = |
|tags = rss |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 244: | Line 244: | ||
|comments = {{Preinstalled}} |
|comments = {{Preinstalled}} |
||
|mime_types = Mime types: .jpg, .ogg |
|mime_types = Mime types: .jpg, .ogg |
||
|tags = |
|tags = webcam |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 286: | Line 286: | ||
|comments = Please test! Part of the [http://www.worldwideworkshop.org/olpcwiki/index.php?title=Latest_Release#MaMaMedia_Creative_Center MaMaMedia Creative Center]. |
|comments = Please test! Part of the [http://www.worldwideworkshop.org/olpcwiki/index.php?title=Latest_Release#MaMaMedia_Creative_Center MaMaMedia Creative Center]. |
||
|mime_types = |
|mime_types = |
||
|tags = |
|tags = create, figure, animation |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 300: | Line 300: | ||
|comments =Please test! Part of the [http://www.worldwideworkshop.org/olpcwiki/index.php?title=Latest_Release#MaMaMedia_Creative_Center MaMaMedia Creative Center]. |
|comments =Please test! Part of the [http://www.worldwideworkshop.org/olpcwiki/index.php?title=Latest_Release#MaMaMedia_Creative_Center MaMaMedia Creative Center]. |
||
|mime_types = |
|mime_types = |
||
|tags = |
|tags = create, animation |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 328: | Line 328: | ||
|comments = stamps included, localized to 70 languages, stereo sound |
|comments = stamps included, localized to 70 languages, stereo sound |
||
|mime_types = |
|mime_types = |
||
|tags = |
|tags = draw |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 344: | Line 344: | ||
|comments = {{Preinstalled}} |
|comments = {{Preinstalled}} |
||
|mime_types = |
|mime_types = |
||
|tags = |
|tags = code, examples, learn |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 358: | Line 358: | ||
|comments = {{Preinstalled}}<br/>See also [http://dev.laptop.org/git?p=projects/etoys] |
|comments = {{Preinstalled}}<br/>See also [http://dev.laptop.org/git?p=projects/etoys] |
||
|mime_types = |
|mime_types = |
||
|tags = |
|tags = create, media, 3d, games |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 528: | Line 528: | ||
|comments = |
|comments = |
||
|mime_types = |
|mime_types = |
||
|tags = |
|tags = measure |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 556: | Line 556: | ||
|comments = Please test! Part of the [http://www.worldwideworkshop.org/olpcwiki/index.php?title=Latest_Release MaMaMedia Creative Center Beta]. |
|comments = Please test! Part of the [http://www.worldwideworkshop.org/olpcwiki/index.php?title=Latest_Release MaMaMedia Creative Center Beta]. |
||
|mime_types = |
|mime_types = |
||
|tags = |
|tags = polls |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 816: | Line 816: | ||
|comments = |
|comments = |
||
|mime_types = |
|mime_types = |
||
|tags = |
|tags = labyrinth |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,026: | Line 1,026: | ||
|comments = Currently working on Single Player |
|comments = Currently working on Single Player |
||
|mime_types = |
|mime_types = |
||
|tags = |
|tags = images |
||
}} |
}} |
||
| Line 1,162: | Line 1,162: | ||
|icon = [[Image:activity-wikibrowse.svg|40px]] |
|icon = [[Image:activity-wikibrowse.svg|40px]] |
||
|activity_name = [[WikiBrowse]] |
|activity_name = [[WikiBrowse]] |
||
|activity_description = browser and |
|activity_description = browser and sync tool for wikipedia and other online wikis |
||
|activity_bundle = |
|activity_bundle = |
||
|activity_source = [http://dev.laptop.org/git?p=projects/wikibrowser] |
|activity_source = [http://dev.laptop.org/git?p=projects/wikibrowser] |
||
Revision as of 10:57, 7 January 2008
This page is monitored by the OLPC team.
For the general public
XO applications are called Activities. On this page you will find details about both Preinstalled activities and other activities that you can install yourself. There is detailed information about individual activities in this wiki—most of the activities listed below include a link to this detailed information. There is also general information about activities on the laptop.org website.
To install an activity:
- start the Browse activity on your XO;
- go to this page in the browser;
- click on the .xo bundle next to the word Download:, e.g., click on Implode.xo to download Implode;
- when it's finished, click OK.
- press the Home key (
) (fifth from the upper left) to see the taskbar. - scroll the taskbar to the right (by clicking on the arrow
) until you see the icon for the activity; click on it to start.
To remove an activity you have previously installed, remove the download entry in the Journal (from the detail view). It will be removed from the taskbar after you restart your XO.
Some additional collections of activity and content are available; please see the library grid, the WorldWideWorkshop, and the GCompris collection.
For Developers
You can add new activities by following the instructions on the Creating an activity page (Please be sure to read our human interface guidelines). When adding your new activity to this page, please follow the template syntax as described on the Template:Activity page.
Activities for download
General Search and Discovery
|
Journal: Object and activity browser Preinstalled |
Download: Journal.xo (v.74) Source: [1] Build: All |
Mime types: Internationalization: xo core Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Browse: Web browser based on Mozilla Firefox Preinstalled |
Download: Browse.xo (v.75) Source: [2] Build: All |
Mime types: .ogg, .html Internationalization: xo core Tags: internet, browser Development Status: ? |
|
Library: Overview of content activities Preinstalled |
Download: (v.–) Source: Build: Update.1 |
Mime types: Internationalization: l10n resources Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Read: Book/PDF reader Preinstalled Accessed by opening a PDF file from the Journal |
Download: Read.xo (v.35) Source: [3] Build: All |
Mime types: .pdf Internationalization: xo core Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Write: Word processor Preinstalled |
Download: Write.xo (v.53) Source: [4] Build: All |
Mime types: .doc, .abw, .txt, .rtf, .xhtml, .html, .odt Internationalization: xo core Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
Collage: Collage and book maker Being worked on by Sop |
Download: (v.–) Source: Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
MikMik: Distributed wiki editor ' |
Download: MikMik.xo (v.8) Source: sources Build: Joyride |
Mime types: Internationalization: l10n resources Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Story Builder: Graphical story constructor with a variety of characters and backgrounds and simple word-processing capabilities Please test! Part of the MaMaMedia Creative Center. |
Download: StoryBuilder.xo (v.11) Source: [5] Build: Joyride |
Mime types: Internationalization: No POT found Tags: create, stories Development Status: ? |
Feeds : News and more
|
News Reader: News reader Preinstalled |
Download: NewsReader.xo (v.23) Source: Build: All |
Mime types: Internationalization: l10n resources Tags: rss Development Status: ? |
Chat, Mail, and Talk
|
Chat: Text chat Preinstalled Works though a Jabber server and through link-local on the mesh. |
Download: Chat-34.xo (v.34) Source: [6] Build: All |
Mime types: Internationalization: xo core Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Gmail: Google email client A version of Browse that opens gmail.com as the homepage |
Download: Gmail.xo (v.2) Source: [7] Build: Update.1 |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
Video: Video/voice chat Can talk to another person over Internet; peer to peer still being worked out. |
Download: Call.xo (v.2) Source: [8] Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
xoIRC: An activity version of the urk IRC client ' |
Download: (v.–) Source: [9] Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
Drawing & Media creation/editing
|
Draw: Simple paint activity Preinstalled |
Download: Paint.xo (v.13) Source: [10] Build: All |
Mime types: produces .png, but reads all image formats available in GTK, such as .jpg, .png, .svg and .gif Internationalization: xo core Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Record: Still, video, and audio capture Preinstalled |
Download: Record.xo (v.40) Source: Build: All |
Mime types: Mime types: .jpg, .ogg Internationalization: xo core Tags: webcam Development Status: ? |
   
|
TamTam: Music composition and synthesis Preinstalled Four music activities for jamming, composing, and synthesizing |
Download: (v.44) Source: [11] Build: All |
Mime types: .ogg, .midi Internationalization: xo bundled Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Interview (Our_Stories): Interviewing/OurStories activity under development; John Huang & team @ Google |
Download: OurStories.xo (v.1-beta) Source: [12] Build: None |
Mime types: Mime types: produces .ogg, .mp3, .jpg Internationalization: No POT found Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Flipsticks: Using keyframes, program a stick figure to twist, turn, tumble and dance Please test! Part of the MaMaMedia Creative Center. |
Download: FlipSticks.xo (v.1.4) Source: [13] Build: Joyride |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: create, figure, animation Development Status: ? |
|
Cartoon Builder: Animate a cartoon character by creating a sequence of poses inside a filmstrip Please test! Part of the MaMaMedia Creative Center. |
Download: CartoonBuilder.xo (v.1.7) Source: [14] Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: create, animation Development Status: ? |
|
Joke Machine: Start a multimedia jokebook and invite your friends to add jokes to it via the mesh ' |
Download: JokeMachine.xo (v.6) Source: [15] Build: Joyride |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Tux Paint: Paint program for young children stamps included, localized to 70 languages, stereo sound |
Download: [16] (v.1) Source: [17] Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: [18] Tags: draw Development Status: ? |
Programming
|
Pippy: Python Programming language/environment Preinstalled |
Download: (v.10) Source: [19] Build: All |
Mime types: Internationalization: xo bundled Tags: code, examples, learn Development Status: ? |
|
Etoys: Learning / programming / authoring environment Preinstalled See also [20] |
Download: (v.69) Source: Build: All |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: create, media, 3d, games Development Status: ? |
|
|
DrGeo: interactive geometry Drag and drop from clipboard into Etoys. |
Download: SAR file (v.–) Source: Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
Logo: Logo programming language ' |
Download: (v.–) Source: Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Turtle Art: Pseudo-Logo graphical programming language Preinstalled |
Download: (v.4) Source: [21] Build: All |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
Scratch: Learning / programming / authoring environment Under development |
Download: (v.–) Source: Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
EduKT: Multimedia Content Creator under development |
Download: (v.0.29) Source: [22] Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Guido van Robot: Educational programming language, IDE and lessons Stable with 18 lessons included. |
Download: [[23]] (v.2.9) Source: Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
Developer Console: Developer's console Formerly accessed with Alt+= from sugar, includes diagnostics and terminal. Removed from builds in favor of separate activities for terminal, logs, and analyze. |
Download: (v.–) Source: Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
Develop: Development IDE/tool ' |
Download: (v.–) Source: [24] Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
Math & Science
|
Calculate: Basic calculator Preinstalled |
Download: (v.13) Source: [25] Build: All |
Mime types: Internationalization: xo bundled Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
Calculadora: Basic calculator with visualization of calculations ' |
Download: (v.–) Source: Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
Spreadsheet: Basic spreadsheet ' |
Download: (v.–) Source: Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Ruler: Simple ruler and cm/mm grids ' |
Download: Ruler.xo (v.2) Source: Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Ruler/Localization Tags: measure Development Status: ? |
|
Stopwatch: Sharable stopwatch activity ' |
Download: Stopwatch.xo (v.1) Source: Build: |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Poll Builder: Create a poll, collect votes and analyze community opinions Please test! Part of the MaMaMedia Creative Center Beta. |
Download: Poll-15.xo (v.15) Source: [26] Build: Joyride |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: polls Development Status: ? |
|
Measure: Oscilloscope and Data Logging Preinstalled |
Download: Measure-14.xo (v.14) Source: [27] Build: All |
Mime types: Internationalization: xo bundled Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Distance: Measure distance between two laptops Preinstalled requires two laptops |
Download: AcousticMeasure.xo (v.6) Source: [28] Build: Update.1 |
Mime types: Internationalization: xo bundled Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Schoolsplay: Collection of small arithmetic and reading/writing activities Not yet fully functional but is stable |
Download: schoolsplay.xo (v.0.4) Source: svn browse Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
Math-xo: Collection of small arithmetic and reading/writing activities Not released and not integrated into Sugar |
Download: [] (v.) Source: [] Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
XaoS: An old-skool fractal zoomer A fast Mandelbrot generator with lots of cool features |
Download: XaoS.xo (v.1) Source: [29] Build: all |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
Media, Audio & Video Players
|
|
DJ: unknown quantity Not in current build |
Download: (v.–) Source: No SOURCE found Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Watch and Listen: Media player Helix media player (non-FOSS codecs must be downloaded separately) |
Download: Watch&Listen.xo (v.10) Source: Build: Joyride |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
Sonata music player: Musicpd backend and frontend ' |
Download: sonata.xo (v.–) Source: Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
Games
| File:Simcity icon.png | SimCity: Construct and maintain your own city ' |
Download: Simcity.xo (v.4) Source: [30] Build: Joyride |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
Block Party: Tetris-inspired game ' |
Download: BlockParty.xo (v.7) Source: [31] Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
Block Game: Tetris-like game too old to work in modern Sugar GUI |
Download: BlockGame.xo (v.1) Source: svn Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Connect: Connect-4 game requires two laptops |
Download: Connect-20.xo (v.20) Source: [32] Build: All |
Mime types: Internationalization: xo bundled Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
Deducto: Logic game Running well in Sugar. Development going on to make it compatible with the UI guidelines. |
Download: (v.–) Source: [33] Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Kuku: Educational tutorial game ' |
Download: kuku.xo (v.–) Source: [34] Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: l10n resources Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Implode: Logic game ' |
Download: Implode.xo (v.2) Source: Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Memorize: Memory game Preinstalled |
Download: (v.22) Source: [35] Build: All |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
Math game: math game for making a number as a function of 4 others ' |
Download: (v.–) Source: Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Maze: Maze game ' |
Download: Maze.xo (v.3) Source: Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: labyrinth Development Status: ? |
|
ABC Flower: A more appropriate version of the hangman game ' |
Download: (v.–) Source: Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
Reversi: Reversi board game ' |
Download: (v.–) Source: [36] Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Jigsaw Puzzle: Classic picture-constructing game Please test! Part of the MaMaMedia Creative Center. |
Download: JigsawPuzzle.xo (v.2) Source: [37] Build: Joyride |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Slider Puzzle: Slider Puzzle to improve on puzzle solving skills Please test! Part of the MaMaMedia Creative Center. |
Download: SliderPuzzle.xo (v.4) Source: [38] Build: Joyride |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
Spray Play: two- or more? player shape-pushing physics game ' |
Download: (v.36) Source: [39] Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
ThreeDPong: 3D Pong game ' |
Download: 3dpong.xo (v.–) Source: [40] Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Typewriter: Phonics, Vocabulary and Typing game ' |
Download: (v.–) Source: [41] Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
SpaceWars: Classic space game Ported by the Silverman brothers. |
Download: (v.–) Source: No SOURCE found Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
DazzleDarts: Classic physics game Ported by the Silverman brothers and Vadim Gerasimov (network enabled, but not integrated into Sugar) |
Download: (v.–) Source: No SOURCE found Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
GCompris: Collection of games. Ported by the GCompris team, now integrated into Sugar. Each of the 100 activities are packaged individually. |
Download: indvidual packages (v.–) Source: [42] Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Domino: Math domino game Doesn't support mesh yet, you can play with your xo; |
Download: (v.–) Source: [43] Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Ecomundo: Life simulation game ' |
Download: (v.–) Source: [44] Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Jump: A Marble-Jumping Solitaire Game Works in Sugar; Created by a Team at Carnegie Mellon University; For Feedback please go to [45]. |
Download: Jump-1.xo (v.1) Source: Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Mimic: A sequence memorization game Works in Sugar; Created by a Team at Carnegie Mellon University; For Feedback please go to [46]. |
Download: Mimic-1.xo (v.1) Source: Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Image Quiz: Image Quiz Game Currently working on Single Player |
Download: ImageQuiz.xo (v.–) Source: [47] Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: images Development Status: ? |
| icon | PlayGo: Play the ancient game of Go either locally or across two XO's ' |
Download: PlayGo.xo (v.1) Source: [48] Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
Teacher and New User Tools
|
ePals: The ePals activity allows teachers and students to communicate with the ePals Global Community of learners from around the world - |
Download: ePals.xo (v.1) Source: Build: Joyride |
Mime types: - Internationalization: - Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
MaMaMedia Creative Center: A static suite of MaMaMedia Creative activities, but will become a user-customizable "Make Your Own Favorites" activity. Please test! Part of the MaMaMedia Creative Center Beta 1.4. |
Download: MaMaMediaMenu.xo (v.2) Source: [49] Build: Joyride |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
MaMaMedia Learning Center: Resources for students/teachers exploring the XO and MaMaMedia Creative Center in-class and independently. Please test! Part of the MaMaMedia Creative Center Beta 1.4. |
Download: LearningCenter.xo (v.3) Source: [50] Build: Joyride |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
Wikiosity: Customized reading list generation from link structure of Wikipedia ' |
Download: (v.–) Source: Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
Other
|
Colingo: Sponsored video editor allowing children to construct video dialogs with short video clips, for constructivist language-learning needs interested developers to turn mock-up and description into code. |
Download: Colingo.xol (v.1) Source: [51] Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
Example: Example demo how-to Demo/example of Sugar API usage. ' |
Download: (v.1) Source: [52] Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
Mesh Board: peer-to-peer "Craig's list" ' |
Download: (v.1) Source: Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
DOS Emulator: Run DOS-based programs. ' |
Download: (v.1) Source: Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
WikiBrowse: browser and sync tool for wikipedia and other online wikis ' |
Download: (v.–) Source: [53] Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
VisualAcuityDemo: Play with visual acuity measurements. ' |
Download: (v.–) Source: [54] Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Terminal: An activity version of the Sugar terminal Preinstalled |
Download: (v.2) Source: [55] Build: Joyride |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Log: An activity version of the Sugar logging tool Preinstalled |
Download: (v.5) Source: [56] Build: Joyride |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
Analyze: An activity version of the Sugar analyze tool Preinstalled |
Download: (v.5) Source: [57] Build: Joyride |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
CC Licensing Activity: Cartoons to explain Creative Commons licensing and provide a license chooser ' |
Download: License.xo (v.0.1) Source: [58] Build: None |
Mime types: Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
|
|
JNLP Handler: Java Web Start launcher for Browse activity A proof-of-concept effort for java support |
Download: (v.–) Source: [59] Build: None |
Mime types: .jnlp Internationalization: Tags: Development Status: ? |
Localization
Please note the l10n (aka Localization) elements of the activity (ie: the POT file/directory link — [http:link POT] or [[PO page]]. You should also link to the activity/l10n subpage with po files and status if it exists.
Manual installation
To manually install activities from a USB stick:
- open the Terminal activity;
- type sugar-install-bundle /media/<USB stick name>
You can also install an activity from the Journal by dragging the .xo bundle from the USB device.
See also
- See the (deprecated) Activities page on redhat.com's olpc download site
- See also : Activity bundle, Library grid, Software ideas
- User help at http://laptop.org/gettingstarted , including activities.