Wireless

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HowTo [ID# 200149]  +/-

Design Goals

OLPC's laptops will be deployed in places where there will be very little or no infrastructure at all. We wanted to make sure that the laptops could connect to other laptops in their vicinity regardless of the presence or not of connectivity infrastructure. We also wanted to help kids share Internet connectivity without any additional infrastructure.

It became very clear that the utility of the usual laptop wired connectivity options (ethernet, modem) will be very limited under those constraints and a relative waste of our limited bill of materials budget. Instead we have to concentrate our resources to increase the utility and functionality of the wireless network adapter.

To achieve our design goals we chose to add self organizing multihop (mesh) networking capabilities to the laptop's network adapter. The constraints imposed by our Mesh Network Details mandate the use of System on Chip (SoC) Wireless Adapter, with the mesh networking protocol running directly on the adapter's CPU.

Other wiki resources are:

• Mesh network
• Wireless repeater
• Active Antenna

Network Adapter

• Marvell 88W8388
• Has onboard ARM 9 processor, ROM and RAM.
• 802.11b/g radio
• Allows for promiscous mode (RFMON)
• Dual adjustable, rotating diversity antennae ("Bunny Ears")
• Further details on the chip can be learned by reading Marvell adds TCP/IP offload support to WLAN chip

Mesh Wireless

The Mesh wireless protocol is very nearly an implementation of the IEEE 802.11s draft.

User Experience

There is complexity in properly configuring the wireless network in the variety of use scenarios that our children will encounter. Our bias is towards making efficient use of the mesh, but in some situations, our infrastructure mode will be used. In those cases, the laptop will offer mesh portal (MPP) services to other laptops nearby. If no mesh or access point is visible, then the laptop will become a mesh point on Channel 1.

We use channels 1, 6, and 11 when possible. This lets us use three channels with essentially no overlap. Wireless routers using any of these three channels appear in the Neighborhood View.

The basic flow of making a network connection:

1. Start with Channel 1:
   • Try DHCP. If successful, then CONNECTED/DONE (DHCP)
   • Try AUTOID. If successful, then CONNECTED/DONE (AUTOID)
2. Goto Channel 11:
   • Try DHCP. If successful, then CONNECTED/DONE (DHCP)
   • Try AUTOID. If successful, then CONNECTED/DONE (AUTOID)
3. Goto Channel 6
   • Try DHCP. If successful, then CONNECTED/DONE (DHCP)
   • Try AUTOID. If successful, then CONNECTED/DONE (AUTOID)
4. Try last successful AP
   • If successful, then CONNECTED; offer MPP/DONE.
5. (if not yet DONE) REPEAT DHCP/AUTOID loop on all channels.
6. (if not yet DONE) Become Mesh Point on Channel 1.

Rollover will reveal the difference between DHCP and AUTOID; IP address; Gateway; DNS;. AP or Mesh; ESSID; Channel Number; and Signal Strength (AP only).

• The AP icon on Mesh View should distinguish between access points that are open vs. requiring a key.
• The AP icon on Mesh View should distinguish between access points on Channels 1,11,6 and other channels.
• The AP icon should indicate that you are offering MPP service to others.
• An ethernet icon should indicate you are offering MPP service to others.

From the Mesh View, you should be able to jump directly into Steps 1, 4, or 6 above (search for mesh, select AP, select mesh point).

Capturing wireless traffic on the xo

Here are the steps to capture wireless traffic on the xo:

Some builds come with a script named "olpc-netcapture" that will capture traffic for 30 seconds. If your build do not have such script, then you may still follow the procedure bellow:

If your build do not come with tcpdump, you can install it with yum:

yum install tcpdump

First of all, kill NetworkManager

killall NetworkManager

Then put both interfaces down and inform which classes o traffic you want to capture:

ifconfig msh0 down
ifconfig eth0 down
echo $TRAFFIC_MASK > /sys/class/net/eth0/lbs_rtap

where:

• TRAFFIC_MASK bits:
  • Data frames: 0x1
  • Mgmt frames but beacons: 0x2
  • Beacons: 0x4
• Examples:
  • to capture all traffic: echo 0x7 > /sys/class/net/eth0/lbs_rtap
  • to capture only beacons: echo 0x4 > /sys/class/net/eth0/lbs_rtap

Now, you need to bring the monitoring interface up

ifconfig rtap0 up

And finally capture the traffic itself with tcpdump

tcpdump -i rtap0 -s 128 -w capture.dump

Note: In this case, you'll capture only the first 128 bytes of each frame (what is generally enough for most analyzes and saves nand space). When you think you're done, just stop tcpdump with CTRL-C.

You may open your capture with any tool able to decode the tcpdump file format (example: wireshark)os use tcpdump itself:

tcpdump -r capture.dump

To interpret mesh traffic correctly, you will want to compile wireshark with this patch: http://dev.laptop.org/~javier/patches/wireshark-0.99.5-fw-5.220.11-support.patch

To do analysis on airtime consumed by a give traffic, check this page

Antenna Reliability

The antenna "ears" have been subjected to drop testing in both the open and close positions, and survive multiple drops onto concrete from desk height. They are made of rubber surface over a polycarbonate center section, allowing them to flex upon impact.

In the event of antenna breakage, there are two antennae. A laptop will continue to function satisfactorily with a single ear in a school setting, and should suffer only slight degradation in performance in more remote settings. The ear was redesigned late in the design process (C-build and later) to simplify repair --- replacing an ear now requires the removal of only six screws, thanks to a connector embedded in the rotary hinge.

See also

• Wireless access point compatibility
• Wireless network hacking

External links

• Open 802.11s