Pippy
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The Pippy interface
Description & Goals
Summary
Teaches Python programming by providing access to Python code samples and a fully interactive Python interpreter.
The user can type and execute simple Python expressions. For example, it would be possible for a user to write Python statements to calculate expressions, play sounds, or make simple text animation.
The initial build ships with about twenty short Python examples covering various aspects of the language.
Goals
- To introduce children to computer programming
- Give the possibility to the children to collaborate and share while doing computer programming.
Collaboration
Wiki to contribute
Collaboration on this Wiki can help the keeper of Pippy by letting the community offer code snips and code lessons to draw from.
In a normal Python program one would not have comments about the language. That rule would be relaxed here to help the student or make a point.
Pippy
Pippy adventures can be shared with others in the neighborhood via the Sugar user interface. One way to share is to use the "Journal" after quitting a Pippy activity. Resume that activity with "Write" instead of Pippy. Then use the share Activity of Write to share the Plain text with others.
There may be other ways too.
Examples
Please add examples here, or modify the existing ones!
Math
Apples
- Author: Madeleine Ball
- About: Adding and dividing
- Shows: Print Statements and Basic Math
- XOversion: Bundled in 656
print "Let's do math!" print "On Monday I picked 22 apples. On Tuesday I picked 12." print "Now I have: ", 22 + 12 print "My brother says he picked twice as many apples last week." print "This means he picked: ", (22 + 12) * 2 print "I have 3 friends to whom I would like to give apples." print "One third of my apples is about: ", (22 + 12) // 3 print "Or, more exactly: ", (22.0 + 12.0) / 3.0
Pascal's triangle
- Author: Madeleine Ball
- About: Character graphic of Pascal's triangle
- Shows: loops, vectors
- XOversion: Bundled in 656
# Pascal's triangle
lines = 8
vector = [1]
for i in range(1,lines+1):
vector.insert(0,0)
vector.append(0)
for i in range(0,lines):
newvector = vector[:]
for j in range(0,len(vector)-1):
if (newvector[j] == 0):
print " ",
else:
print "%2d" % newvector[j],
newvector[j] = vector[j-1] + vector[j+1]
print
vector = newvector[:]
Sierpinski triangle
- Author: Madeleine Ball
- About: Character graphics of a Sierpinski triangle
- Shows: Modifying Pascal's triangle program, loops, vectors
- XOversion: Bundled in 656
size = 5
modulus = 2
lines = modulus**size
vector = [1]
for i in range(1,lines+1):
vector.insert(0,0)
vector.append(0)
for i in range(0,lines):
newvector = vector[:]
for j in range(0,len(vector)-1):
if (newvector[j] == 0):
print " ",
else:
remainder = newvector[j] % modulus
if (remainder == 0):
print "O",
else:
print ".",
newvector[j] = vector[j-1] + vector[j+1]
print
vector = newvector[:]
Times1
- Author: Chris Ball
- About: The 4 times table
- Shows: Loops, the range statement
- XOversion: Bundled in 656
for i in range(1,13):
print i, "x 4 =", (i*4)
Times2
- Author: Chris Ball
- About: Print any times table
- Shows: Loops, range, and input
- XOversion: Bundled in 656
number = input("Which times table? ")
for i in range(1,13):
print i, "x", number, "=", i*number
Fibonacci Series
- Author : Rafael Ortiz
- About: The Fibonacci Number Series
- Shows: Using tuple assignments. While loop.
- XOversion: Bundled in 656
a, b = 0, 1
while b < 1001:
print b,
a, b = b, a+b
Pythagoras
- Author : Rafael Ortiz
- About: Uses Pythagorean Theorem to compute longest edge of a triangle
- Shows: Import statement, sqrt (square root) function.
import math
from math import sqrt
print "This is the Pythagoras Theorem"
a=float(raw_input("Type a ="))
b=float(raw_input("Type b ="))
c=sqrt((a*a)+(b*b))
print "c =",c
Factorize
- Author: Reinier Heeres
- About: Factoring Numbers with trial divisions
- Shows: Appending to arrays, import, sys.stdout
import math
import sys
orignum = input("Enter a number to factorize ")
factors = []
num = orignum
i = 2
while i <= math.sqrt(num):
if num % i == 0:
factors.append(i)
num /= i
i = 2
elif i == 2:
i += 1
else:
i += 2
factors.append(num)
if len(factors) == 1:
print "%d is prime" % orignum
else:
sys.stdout.write("%d is %d" % (orignum, factors[0]))
for fac in factors[1:]:
sys.stdout.write(" * %d" % fac)
print
Zeros of a second degree polynomial
- Author: Pilar Saenz
- About: Zeros of a second grade polynomial, e.g., 3x^2+6x+3.
- Shows: Converting strings to float, import, sqrt (square root)
import math
from math import sqrt
print "These are the zeros of a second grade polynomial"
a=float(raw_input("Type a ="))
b=float(raw_input("Type b ="))
c=float(raw_input("Type c ="))
aux=b*b-4*a*c;
if aux>0:
x1=(-b+sqrt(aux))/(2*a)
x2=(-b-sqrt(aux))/(2*a)
print "x1= " , x1 ,", x2=" ,x2
elif aux==0:
print "x= " , -b/(2*a)
else:
x1=(-b+sqrt(-aux)*1j)/(2*a)
x2=(-b+sqrt(-aux)*1j)/(2*a)
print "x1= " , x1 , ", x2" , x2
Factorial of a number
- Author: Pilar Saenz
- About: Prints a factorial
- Shows: Defining and calling a function. Casting to int.
def factorial(a):
fac=a
for i in range(1,a):
fac=fac*i
print a,"!=",fac
a=int(raw_input("Type a="))
factorial(a)
Greatest common divisor
- Author: Pilar Saenz
- About: The greatest common divisor of two numbers
- Shows: The % (modulo) operator
n= input("Enter a number ")
m= input("Enter another number ")
r=n%m
if r!=0:
while (r!=0):
n=m
m=r
r=n%m
print "The greatest common divisor is ", m
Windchill Calculator
- Author: Tyler Conlee
- About: Calculates the windchill given a temperature and a wind speed. For my high school senior project I learned about Linux and the OLPC Foundation. With the help of my mentor, Bill C. Smith, I learned simple Python programming. This program is one the items I turned in for the project. By placing in the /usr/share/activities/Pippy.activity/data/math directory it can appear under math examples in Pippy.
- Shows: The sys.exit function to stop a program, the round funcion, and Celsius to Fahrenheit conversion in a pratical math example.
###Windchill calculator for XO
import sys
Tscale = raw_input ("Enter F for Fahrenheit, or C for Celsius: ")
if Tscale == 'F' or Tscale == 'f':
print "Temperature is in Fahrenheit"
elif Tscale == 'C' or Tscale == 'c':
print "Temperature is in Celsius"
else:
print "Invalid temperature scale"
## sys.exit is used to stop the program.
sys.exit(1)
T = input("Enter a temperature: ")
if Tscale == 'C' or Tscale == 'c':
T = (9.0/5.0) * T + 32.0
if T > 50.0:
print "Temperature must be <= 50F/10C"
sys.exit(1)
WSPD = input ("Enter the wind speed (mph):")
if WSPD < 3.0:
print "Wind speed must be >= 3 mph"
sys.exit(1)
WCL = 35.74 + 0.6215 * T - 35.75 * (WSPD**0.16) + 0.4275 * T * (WSPD**0.16)
WCLC = (WCL - 32.0) * (5.0/9.0)
# Round is used to round the answers. In this case to two decimal places.
print "Windchill =", round (WCL, 2), "Fahrenheit"
print "Windchill =", round (WCLC, 2),"Celsius"
Compute pi!
Author: Travis Hall
Extended By: Tom Mitchell
Simple pi computation demo, does 1000 loops... to do more loops change the breakpoint varible to a higher number.Travis Hall
I have added a couple lines to explore various ways that floating point numbers might be printed. Tom Mitchell
a,b = 1.0,3.0
loop = 1
breakpoint = 1000
pi = 0.0
while loop < breakpoint:
pi = pi + (4.0/a) - (4.0/b);
a = a + 4;
b = b + 4;
print pi;
loop = loop + 1;
# Now that the result has been computed we can explore printing the result.
print "There are multiple ways to print numbers here is a quick sample."
print "Just print it :", pi;
print "Using repr() :", repr(pi);
print "Our approximation: %3.20f" % pi;
print "\nPi is a very famous number...."
# Use python's math module it is faster and close enough for most computations.
import math
print "Python's Math library computes"
print "a better value pi: %3.39f" % math.pi; # it uses...(math.atan(1.0) * 4.0)
# when running computations based on "pi" it is good to begin with the best value you can get.
# from the gnu 'C' comiler /usr/include/math.h"
print "For reference a more exact 32 bit floating point value for pi is."
print "Known value of pi: 3.14159265358979323846"
Python
Function
- Author: Chris Ball
- XOversion: Bundled in 656
def square(x):
print x * x
square(3)
square(4)
If
- Author: Chris Ball
- XOversion: Bundled in 656
number = input("Enter a number: ")
if number > 5:
print "Greater than 5"
elif number < 5:
print "Less than 5"
else:
print "Number is 5!"
Count backwards with Recursion
- Author: Mel Chua with comments by Tom Mitchell
- XOversion: Bundled in 656
In a UCSD Pascal manual the classic glossary description for "recursion" was "see recursion". This is sort of inside joke is an example of recursion not an informative description.
An external link to Wikipedia is more informative.
Note how "countbackwards" is defined to use itself. Recursion can be a very clear and precise way to express some things in a program. It does have some disadvantages. Each time a recursive function calls itself the computer must push a return call onto the stack. If the recursion is very deep, stack exhaustion is possible.
# Note this assumes you understand functions and if-else.
def countbackwards(number):
print "I have the number", number
if number > 0:
print "Calling countbackwards again!"
countbackwards(number-1)
else:
print "I am done counting"
number = input("Enter a number: ")
countbackwards(number):
While
Author Pilar Saenz
n=input("enter a number")
while n>0:
print n, " ",
n=n-1
print "Surprise!\n"
Title Case Capitalisation
Author: Alan Davies
# This is an example of a list comprehension oldtitle = "this TITLE iS NOW coRRecTly CAPItalised" oldwords = oldtitle.split() newwords = [word[0].upper() + word[1:].lower() for word in oldwords] newtitle = " ".join(newwords) print "Before:", oldtitle print "After:", newtitle
Names Drawn From a Hat
Author: Alan Davies
# Simple and possibly useful program for
# drawing names in a random order from a hat
import random
names = []
name = raw_input("Enter the first name to go in the hat:")
while name != "":
names.append(name)
name = raw_input("Enter another name, leave blank if you have finished:")
random.shuffle(names)
print "The random order from the hat is:"
for x in range(len(names)):
print x+1, names[x]
String
Hello1
Author: Chris Ball
print "Hello everyone!"
Hello2
- Author: Chris Ball
- XOversion: Bundled in 656
name = raw_input("Type your name here: ")
print "Hello " + name + "!"
Thanks
Author: Walter Bender
Comment: Please add names as appropriate
import random
from random import choice
table = {
'Hardware & Mechanicals': 'John Watlington, Mark Foster, Mary Lou Jepsen, Yves Behar, Bret Recor, Mitch Pergola, Martin Schnitzer, Kenneth Jewell, Kevin Young, Jacques Gagne, Nicholas Negroponte, Frank Lee, Victor Chau, Albert Hsu, HT Chen, Vance Ke, Ben Chuang, Johnson Huang, Sam Chang, Alex Chu, Roger Huang, and the rest of the Quanta team, the Marvell team, the AMD team, the ChiMei team..',
'Firmware': 'Ron Minnich, Richard Smith, Mitch Bradley, Tom Sylla, Lilian Walter, Bruce Wang..',
'Kernel & Drivers': 'Jaya Kumar, Jon Corbet, Reynaldo Verdejo, Pierre Ossman, Dave Woodhouse, Matthew Garrett, Chris Ball, Andy Tanenbaum, Linus Torvalds, Dave Jones, Andres Salomon, Marcelo Tosatti..',
'Graphics systems': 'Jordan Crouse, Daniel Stone, Zephaniah Hull, Bernardo Innocenti, Behdad Esfahbod, Jim Gettys, Adam Jackson, Behdad Esfahbod..',
'Programming': 'Guido Van Rossum, Johan Dahlin, Brian Silverman, Alan Kay, Kim Rose, Bert Freudenberg, Yoshiki Ohshima, Takashi Yamamiya, Scott Wallace, Ted Kaehler, Stephane Ducasse, Hilaire Fernandes..',
'Sugar': 'Marco Pesenti Gritti, Dan Williams, Chris Blizzard, John Palmieri, Lisa Strausfeld, Christian Marc Schmidt, Takaaki Okada, Eben Eliason, Walter Bender, Tomeu Vizoso, Simon Schampijer, Reinier Heeres, Ben Saller, Miguel Alvarez..',
'Activities': 'Erik Blankinship, Bakhtiar Mikhak, Manusheel Gupta, J.M. Maurer (uwog) and the Abiword team, the Mozilla team, Jean Piche, Barry Vercoe, Richard Boulanger, Greg Thompson, Arjun Sarwal, Cody Lodrige, Shannon Sullivan, Idit Harel, and the MaMaMedia team, John Huang, Bruno Coudoin, Eduardo Silva, H&?kon Wium Lie, Don Hopkins, Muriel de Souza Godoi, Benjamin M. Schwartz..',
'Network': 'Michael Bletsas, James Cameron, Javier Cardona, Ronak Chokshi, Polychronis Ypodimatopoulos, Simon McVittie, Dafydd Harries, Sjoerd Simons, Morgan Collett, Guillaume Desmottes, Robert McQueen..',
'Security': 'Ivan Krstic, Michael Stone, C. Scott Ananian, Noah Kantrowitz, Herbert Poetzl, Marcus Leech..',
'Content': 'SJ Klein, Mako Hill, Xavier Alvarez, Alfonso de la Guarda, Sayamindu Dasgupta, Mallory Chua, Lauren Klein, Zdenek Broz, Felicity Tepper, Andy Sisson, Christine Madsen, Matthew Steven Carlos, Justin Thorp, Ian Bicking, Christopher Fabian, Wayne Mackintosh, the OurStories team, Will Wright, Chuck Normann..',
'Testing': 'Kim Quirk, Alex Latham, Giannis Galanis, Ricardo Carrano, Zach Cerza, John Fuhrer..',
'Country Support': 'Carla Gomez Monroy, David Cavallo, Matt Keller, Khaled Hassounah, Antonio Battro, Audrey Choi, Habib Kahn, Arnan (Roger) Sipitakiat',
'Administrative Support': 'Nia Lewis, Felice Gardner, Lindsay Petrillose, Jill Clarke, Julia Reynolds, Tracy Price, David Robertson, Danny Clark',
'Finance & Legal': 'Eben Moglen, Bruce Parker, William Kolb, John Sare, Sandra Lee, Richard Bernstein, Jaclyn Tsai, Jaime Cheng, Robert Fadel, Charles Kane (Grasshopper), Kathy Paur, Andriani Ferti',
'PR and Media': 'Larry Weber, Jackie Lustig, Jodi Petrie, George Snell, Kyle Austin, Hilary Meserole, Erick A. Betancourt, Michael Borosky, Sylvain Lefebvre, Martin Le Sauteur',
'Directors & Advisors': 'Howard Anderson, Rebecca Allen, Ayo Kusamotu, Jose Maria Aznar, V. Michael Bove, Jr., Rodrigo Mesquita, Seymour Papert, Ted Selker, Ethan Beard (Google); John Roese (Nortel); Dandy Hsu (Quanta); Marcelo Claure (Brightstar); Gary Dillabough (eBay); Gustavo Arenas (AMD); Mike Evans (Red Hat); Ed Horowitz (SES Astra); Jeremy Philips (NewsCorp); Scott Soong (Chi Lin); Sehat Sutardja (Marvell); Joe Jacobson (MIT Media Lab); Steve Kaufman (Riverside); and Tom Meredith (MFI)',
'Pippy': 'Chris Ball'
}
print "OLPC would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the community of people and projects that have made the XO laptop possible."
subsystem = random.choice(table.keys());
print subsystem, '\t',table[subsystem]
Graphics
Jump
- Author: C. Scott Ananian
- XOversion: Bundled in 656
# both of these functions should be in the 'basic' package or some such
def clear_scr():
print '\x1B[H\x1B[J' # clear screen, the hard way.
def wait():
import time
time.sleep(0.1)
# jumping man!
# was having to escape the backslash which was rather unfortunate,
# now using python's r" strings which were meant for regex's
# i didn't have to do that in C64 BASIC
for i in xrange(0,50):
clear_scr()
print r"\o/"
print r"_|_"
print r" "
wait()
clear_scr()
print r"_o_"
print r" | "
print r"/ \ "
wait()
clear_scr()
print r" o "
print r"/|\ "
print r"| |"
wait()
clear_scr()
print r"_o_"
print r" | "
print r"/ \ "
wait()
Mandelbrot Set
Author: Alan Davies
# Text-based Mandelbrot set generator
# Play with the values of 'centre' and 'realsize'
# to explore the set.
centre, realsize, maxiter = -.7+0j, 2.8, 50
width, height, aspect = 60, 30, 1.9
charmap = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
for y in range(height):
output = ""
for x in range(width):
real = (float(x)/width-.5)*realsize
imag = (float(y)/height-.5)*aspect*realsize*height/width
z = c = complex(real, imag) + centre
iterations = 0
while abs(z) < 2 and iterations < maxiter:
z = z**2 + c
iterations += 1
if iterations == maxiter:
output += " "
else:
output += charmap[iterations%len(charmap)]
print output
Games
Guess a number
- Author: Pilar Saenz
- XOversion: Bundled in 656
import random
from random import randrange
R = randrange(1,100)
print "Guess a number between 1 and 100!!!"
N = input("Enter a number: ")
i=1
while (N!=R):
if N>R :
print "Too big... try again"
else :
print "Too small.. try again"
N = input("Enter a number: ")
i=i+1
print "You got it in ", i, "tries"
Robots
Author: Alan Davies
This is a playable implementation of Robots (also known as Daleks). I tried to keep the code clear and well commented, even at the expense of space. I also made sure that the lines don't wrap in Pippy, as that looks quite ugly.
I'm not sure if this is considered too large for the samples to be included with Pippy- a simpler implementation could be trimmed down considerably. I figured it might be nice to have at least one complete implementation for kids and adults to play with.
from random import randint
import curses
stdscr = curses.initscr()
curses.noecho()
xmax, ymax, alive = 60, 10, True
commands = {"q":(-1,-1), "w":(0,-1), "e":(1,-1),
"a":(-1,0), "s":(0,0), "d":(1,0),
"z":(-1,1), "x":(0,1), "c":(1,1),
" ":(0,0), "t":(0,0)}
def message(text, yoffset=0, wait=True):
stdscr.addstr(ymax/2+yoffset, xmax/2-len(text)/2, text)
stdscr.refresh()
if wait:
stdscr.getch()
message("Welcome to Robots!", -3, False)
message(" QWE Screwdriver: S ", -1, False)
message("Movement: A D Teleport: T ", 0, False)
message(" ZXC Do nothing: Spacebar", 1, False)
message("Press any key...", 3)
while True:
level = 1
alive = True
while alive:
# Initialise powers, hero position, and enemy lists
teleport = screwdriver = True
hero = (xmax/2, ymax/2)
scrap = [(randint(0, xmax), randint(0, ymax))
for dummy in range(level/3+3)]
robots = [(randint(0, xmax), randint(0, ymax))
for dummy in range(level*4-3)]
scrap = [s for s in scrap if s != hero]
robots = [r for r in robots if r != hero]
while True:
# move crashed robots to scrap list
scrap += [r for r in robots if robots.count(r) >= 2]
robots = [r for r in robots if scrap.count(r) == 0]
# draw the screen
stdscr.clear()
stdscr.addstr(hero[1], hero[0], "@")
for robot in robots:
stdscr.addstr(robot[1], robot[0], "$")
for scr in scrap:
stdscr.addstr(scr[1], scr[0], "#")
if screwdriver:
stdscr.addstr(ymax-1, xmax+1, "S")
stdscr.addstr(ymax, xmax+1,"T" if teleport else "")
stdscr.refresh()
# test for win or loss
if len(robots) == 0:
break
elif hero in robots or hero in scrap:
stdscr.addstr(hero[1], hero[0], "X")
message("You lost! Press any key...")
alive = False
break
# get a valid keypress
key = ""
while key not in commands:
key = chr(stdscr.getch()).lower()
# teleport - move to a random location
if teleport and key == "t":
teleport = False
hero = (randint(0, xmax), randint(0, ymax ))
# sonic screwdriver - scraps nearby robots
if screwdriver and key == "s":
screwdriver = False
scrap += [robot for robot in robots
if abs(robot[0] - hero[0]) <= 1
and abs(robot[1] - hero[1]) <= 1]
robots = [r for r in robots if scrap.count(r) == 0]
# update hero and robot positions
hero = (hero[0] + commands[key][0],
hero[1] + commands[key][1])
def sign(x): return (x / abs(x)) if x else 0
def follow(fr, to): return (fr[0] + sign(to[0]-fr[0]),
fr[1] + sign(to[1]-fr[1]))
robots = [follow(robot, hero) for robot in robots]
# move to next level
if alive:
level += 1
message(" Level %d! Press any key... " % level)
Beginning Programming
Operations on Numbers
- Author: Tom Mitchell
- About: addition, subtraction, multiply, divide. power(exponents) and modulo arithmetic
- Shows: basic arithmetic with integer and floating point numbers.
# Understanding how a computer works with numbers is interesting. # Python (Pippy) supports the basic set of operators on integers, floating point, decimal numbers and more. # This exercise will look at integers and floating point numbers. # Look at these samples and when you think you have the answer click run. # Change the numbers and experiment... # Add print 6 + 1 # Subtract print 6 - 1 # Multiply print 6 * 2 # Division - hint, dividing integers by integers result in integers. print 3/6 print 3.0/6.0 print 1/3 # integer print 1.0/3.0 # floating point # Modulo (remainder).. print 1%3 print 3%6 print 1.1234%3.0 print 3%2 print 3.0%2 # Power or exponents print 2**2 print 3**6 print 3.3**22
Parentheses and Operators
- Author: Tom Mitchell
- About: Parentheses with addition, subtraction, multiply, divide, power(exponents) and modulo arithmetic
- Shows: basic arithmetic precidence rules and the use of parentheses.
# Understanding the order with which a computer works with numbers is interesting.
# Python (Pippy) supports the basic set of operators on integers, floating point, decimal numbers and more.
# This exercise will look at Pythons rules for basic integers and floating point operations and the use of parentheses.
# Note the assignment to a variable and then the use of print to display a result.
# Look at these samples and when you think you have the answer click run.
# Change the numbers and experiment.
# Regroup numbers and operators with parentheses to clarify what you want Python to do.
# Add and Multiply some numbers but what is done first:
# is is multiply or add;
# is the order left to right or is it right to left.
answer = 6 + 2 * 3
print answer
answer = (6 + 2) * 3
print answer
answer = 6 + (2 * 3)
print answer
# now exponents..
answer = 3.3**(20+2)+10
print answer
answer = 3.3**(20)+ -(2+10)
print answer
# To convert from degrees Fahrenheit to Centigrade we can use an equation.
F = 212
# but which equation is correct: C1, C2, C3 or C4?
C1 = (F - 32.0)/ 9.0 * 5
C2 = F - 32.0/ 9.0 *5
C3 = F - (32.0/ 9.0) *5
C4 = F - 32.0/ (9.0 *5)
print C1
print C2
print C3 # Why are C2 and C3 the same.
print C4
# hint Water boils at 212 F and 100 C; Water freezes at 0 C and 32 F.
F = 32.0
C = (F - 32.0)/ 9.0 * 5
print C
print "%f F degrees converts to %3.10f C" %( F ,C)
# Question what is interesting about -40 degrees?
"""
In Algebra one might write:
3 + 3 + 5 + 55
x = ----------------------
22
"""
# The next line is incorrect because the division only involves 55
x = 3.0 + 3 + 5 + 55 / 22
# This line is correct
xx = (3.0 + 3 + 5 + 55) / 22
print "This is incorrect %i" % x
print "This is correct %i" % xx
# Question what is interesting about -40 degrees?
# Hint -- use parentheses to clarify what you want Python to do.
# Doing so you can make it clear to others what you intend.
Take Pippy for a Loop
- Author: Tom Mitchell
- About: Looping
- Shows: While and for loops introduces a generator.
#! /usr/bin/python """ The Gauss Schoolroom Anecdote: A teacher once was inclined to assign long tedious problems to students. One problem was to add all the numbers from 1 to 100 or more. A student "Gauss" turned over his slate moments after starting the problem to signal that he was finished. His slate had a single number on the back ... 5050. How did he solve this so quickly? Who is "Gauss"? """ # lets explore loops to check the answer. # first a "while loop". i = 1 a = 0 while i <= 100: a = a + i i = i + 1 print a # now a "for loop" using the generator range() a = 0 for i in range(100+1): # the +1 is because range() returns a list N long a = a + i # that begins with 0. More on generators like range(N) later. print a # Will this get the correct answer? If so why? last = 100.0 print last * (1 + last ) / 2 """ Additional reading http://www.math.uwaterloo.ca/navigation/ideas/grains/gauss.shtml """
Loops do not need to be restricted to numbers. Try this little loop.
for tree in "oak", "maple", "plum": print tree
Printing various Number Types in Pippy
- Author: Tom Mitchell
- About: Formatting when printing numbers
- Shows: type(), if, elif, else and the use of % in formatting of numbers.
#! /usr/bin/python
import decimal
a = 1.5
b = 55
c = -55.12345
d = True
e = 5555555555555555555555555555L
f = 4444444444444444444444444444.12345678
g = 55.77e22
h = 'string'
i = decimal.Decimal("3333333333333333333333333333.12345678")
j = decimal.Decimal("2222222222222222222222222222.12345678")
k = i * j
k = k * k * k # should now be very big
l = 0567 # hint this is octal i.e. base 8
m = 0x456ABCD # base 16 i.e hex
for thing in [ a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m ]:
print "========================"
print "printing it ",thing
# print type(thing)
if type(thing) is float:
print "found a float", thing
print "float can be formatted: %f " % thing
print "float can be formatted: %4.9f " % thing
print "float can be formatted: %1.5f " % thing
print "float can be formatted: %1.3e " % thing
print "float can be formatted: %1.1E " % thing
elif type(thing) is int:
print "found a int ", thing
print "int can be formatted: %i # right justified" % thing
print "int can be formatted: %+25i # right justified with sign" % thing
print "int can be formatted: %-25i # left justified" % thing
print "int can be formatted: %+25i # right justified with sign" % thing
print "int can be formatted as hex: %-+20x # Hex left justified with sign" % thing
print "int can be formatted as hex: 0x%-20x # Hex left justified make it look like Hex " % thing
print "int can be formatted as hex: 0x%+20X # Hex signed right justified bad try at looking like Hex" % thing
print "int can be formatted as hex: %#-20X # Hex left justified make it look like Hex best way" % thing
print "int can be formatted as hex: %#20X # Hex right justified make it look like Hex best way" % thing
print "int can be formatted as hex: %#+20X # Hex signed right justified make it look like Hex best way" % thing
print "int can be formatted as octal: %o # Octal" % thing
print "int can be formatted as octal: 0%o # Octal make it look octal " % thing
print "int can be formatted as octal: 0%-15o # Octal left justified, make it look octal incorrectly " % thing
print "int can be formatted as octal: 0%15o # Octal make it look octal incorrectly and why" % thing
print "int can be formatted as octal: %#o # Octal make it look octal correctly" % thing
print "int can be formatted as octal: %#15o # Octal make it look octal correctly" % thing
print "int can be formatted as octal: %#-15o # Octal left justified correctly" % thing
elif type(thing) is long:
print "found a long ", thing
print "long can be formatted: %i " % thing # right justified is the default
print "long can be formatted: %+i signed " % thing # right justified with sign
print "long can be formatted as hex: %x " % thing # Hex
print "long can be formatted as hex: 0x%x " % thing # Hex lower case
print "long can be formatted as octal: %o " % thing # Octal
print "long can be formatted as octal: %#o " % thing # Octal make look like octal
elif type(thing) is str:
print "found a str ", thing
elif type(thing) is decimal.Decimal:
print "found a decimal.Decimal ", thing
print "decimal.Decimal can be formatted: %1.5f " % thing
print "decimal.Decimal can be formatted: %1.3e " % thing
print "decimal.Decimal can be formatted: %1.3E " % thing
print "decimal.Decimal can be formatted: %55.55e " % thing
else:
print "this type is not in my list" # this will trip on the boolian "True" for d.
"""
Make changes to the above and see what changes.
Shorten the list to focus on one type or another.
Formating of numbers builds on the C library so the % formats are
best described by looking at the printf man page. Use the
web and search for:
PRINTF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual PRINTF(3)
....
Format of the format string
The format string is a character string, beginning and ending in its
initial shift state, if any. The format string is composed of zero or
more directives: ordinary characters (not %), which are copied
unchanged to the output stream; and conversion specifications, each of
which results in fetching zero or more subsequent arguments. Each con-
version specification is introduced by the character '%', and ends with a
conversion specifier. In between there may be (in this order) zero or
more flags, an optional minimum field width, an optional precision and
an optional length modifier.
.... and lots more ...
"""
Comparing objects in Pippy
- Author: Tom Mitchell
- About: Comparisons and tests >, <, <=, >=, ==, not
- Shows: Shows some very introductory ways to build truth tables.
This is a bit long but the goal here is to show how to build some skills with tests and truth tables.
#! /usr/bin/python
# Comparison tests are the key to program flow and decisions.
# All objects can be compared....
"""
from the Python Library Reference.
< strictly less than
<= less than or equal
> strictly greater than
>= greater than or equal
== equal
!= not equal (prefered over <> )
<> not equal (not prefered)
is object identity
is not negated object identity
Boolean Operations
x or y if x is false, then y, else x (1)
x and y if x is false, then x, else y (1)
not x if x is false, then True, else False (2)
1) These only evaluate their second argument if needed
for their outcome.
(2) "not" has a lower priority than non-Boolean operators,
so not a == b is interpreted as not (a == b), and a ==
not b is a syntax error.
"""
a = 1
b = 2 # could also do "a, b = 1, 2"
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
print "\n==============================="
print "Control program flow with an if"
if a < b :
print "Less Than"
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
print "\n==============================="
print "Looping while a test stays true"
a, b = 1, 4
while a < b:
print "a is still less than b"
b -= 1 # same as "b = b -1"
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
print "\nBreak out of a loop when a test becomes true"
a, b = 1, 4
while a < b:
print "a is still less than b"
b += 1
c = b
# One common error in JavaScript and C is confusing
# assignment '=' and a test for equality '=='.
# Uncoment this block and see what happens.
# if c = 10:
# print "Exit on assignment not equality"
# break
if b == 10:
print "Exit the loop \'b\' is now ten."
break
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
print "\nBreak out of a loop when a test becomes true"
a, b = 1, 4.0000000001
while a < b:
print "a is still less than b"
b += 1
c = b
# testing floating point numbers for exact equality is problematic.
if b == 10:
print "Exit the loop \'b\' is now ten."
break
if b >= 10:
print "Exit the loop \'b\' is now ten or more."
break
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
T, F = True, False
# what is the truth table for 'or', 'and', 'not' ?
print "\n==============================="
print "Exploring Boolean\'s \'or\'."
if F or F:
print "F or F tests true"
if T or F:
print "T or F tests true"
if F or T:
print "F or T tests true"
if T or T:
print "T or T tests true"
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
print "\n==============================="
print "Exploring Boolean\'s \'and\'."
if F and F:
print "F and F tests true"
if T and T:
print "T and T tests true"
if T and F:
print "T and F tests true"
if F and T:
print "F and T tests true"
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
print "\n==============================="
print "Exploring Boolean\'s \'not\'."
if not(F or F):
print "not(F or F) tests true"
if not(T or T):
print "not(T or T) tests true"
if not(T or F):
print "not(T or F) tests true"
if not(F or T):
print "not(F or T) tests true"
if not(F and F):
print "not(F and F) tests true"
if not(T and T):
print "not(T and T) tests true"
if not(T and F):
print "not(T and F) tests true"
if not(F and T):
print "not(F and T) tests true"
if not F or F:
print "not F or F tests true"
if not T or T:
print "not T or T tests true"
if not T or F:
print "T or F tests true"
if not F or T:
print "not F or T tests true"
if not F and F:
print "not F and F tests true"
if not T and T:
print "not T and T tests true"
if not T and F:
print "not T and F tests true"
if not F and T:
print "not F and T tests true"
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
print "\n==============================="
print "Exploring comparisons of strings'."
lc="lower case string"
UC="Upper Case string"
if lc == UC:
print "String test:\n \"%s\" is the same as \"%s\" ." % (lc, UC)
else:
print "String test:\n \"%s\" is NOT the same as \"%s\" " % (lc, UC)
Lists, Tupples, Sets and more
- Author: Tom Mitchell
- About: Lists, tupples, sets and some string tinkering
- Shows: Introduction to ways to define and convert from one to the other.
#! /usr/bin/python
""" Lists, Tupples, Sets and Dictionaries:
Data structures are fundimental to programing. In python most data
structures are built with tupples, sets, lists and dictionaries.
Data structures are how data is organized and passed to and from
functions. """
# lists are bounded by "[]" a sequence of objects that can be modified.
print "\nExploring Lists:"
Bob, Carol, Ted = "Bob Johnson", "Carol Johnson", "Ted Turner"
somenames = [ Bob, Carol, Ted ]
sometrees = ["teak", "oak", "pine"]
sometrees = sometrees + ["maple", "apple"]
print sometrees
sometrees[2] = "willow" # legal for lists
print sometrees
# tupples are bounded by "()" , cannot modify a tupples contents.
print "\nExploring tupples:"
nums = (1, 2, 3, 5.01)
trees = ("teak", "oak", "pine")
bushes = "blueberry", "Sage" # when expected a tupple is assumed.
tuptup = (nums, trees, bushes)
# This is illegal for a tupple. Uncomment it and try.
#nums[2] = 55
print nums, trees, bushes # print EXPECTS a tupple
print (nums, trees, bushes, "Tupple") # print EXPECTS a tupple
print tuptup
# sets are introduced by the key word "set", and no duplicates no special order
print "\nExploring sets:"
aa = set("Happy is Pippy")
print aa # how many p's and y's will be printed?
# dictionaries are bounded with {} and use : with , to associate pairs.
print "\nExploring dictionaries:"
telescope = {
'mirror' : 'reflection', # three ways to indicate strings '
"lens" : "refraction", # "
"""Hubble""" : """reflector""", # and the triple """
"Cassegrain" : "reflector",
"Great Lick" : "refractor"
}
print telescope["Hubble"]
# strings are are bounded with ' or " or """. It makes some sense
# to include them here.
print "\nExploring strings:"
# The following string is interesting in English, but why?
s1 = "The quick brown FOX jumped over the lazy dogs"
print s1 # some things are easy to do with strings.
print s1[4:9]
print s1.upper()
print s1.swapcase()
print s1.title()
# sorting and moving the characters about is not one of them.
# sorting is easy to do in a list.
sL = s1.lower()
l1= list(sL)
l1.sort()
print l1
print ""
s2= "".join(l1) # "" is the (empty) string seperating the objects providing the method
sX= "X".join(l1) # "X" is the string seperating the objects providing the method
print s2
print sX
# sets can only have one of each.
t1=set(l1)
print t1
L2= list(t1)
L2.sort()
S1="".join(L2)
print "It might be clear what is fun about the phrase now.\n" + S1
Functions lots of finctions
- Author: Tom Mitchell
- About: functions
- Shows: Shows lots function permutations
#! /usr/bin/python
"""
# Functions are a critical part of programming.
# This File explores some of the ways to pass
# information into a function and back out.
#
# The design of a program and function often centers on how data
# is passed into and out of the function. This is commonly refered to
# as the "interface". Clearly documenting the interface is important
# and can be as simple as well chosen function and variable names, or coments.
# An interface has three key parts: input, output and error.
#
# A function is introduced by the opertor "def"
#
# def FunctionName(tupple of inpupt ):
# indented code
# more indented code
# Watch out for tabs,
# a tab is one character but may look like up to 8 spaces.
# more indented code....
#
# A function can take advantage of other functions.
# An ideal function returns a result and does not modify data
# outside of it's own scope.
"""
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
# The cannocal Hello World can be writen in Python thusly
print "\n================\nExample function: \"Hello\""
def Hello():
print "Hello World\n"
# now call it
Hello()
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
# Simple data can be passed to a function.
print "\n================\nExample function: \"Twice\""
def Twice(x):
"""Twice uses + to operate on a single input object.
This is a good place to introduce documentation...
The first line should be short and precise.
The second doc line should be blank. In this style of
documentation the information stays with the object even if
it is complied to byte code.
"""
print x + x
Twice(5)
Twice("Cat")
print (Twice.__doc__) #
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
# Multiple data objects can be passed to a function by position.
print "\n================\nExample function: \"Volume\""
def Volume(L, W, H):
"""Length times Width times Height is Volume of a rectangular box"""
V = L * W * H
return(V)
L1, W1, H1 = 5, 6, 2
V1= Volume(L1, W1, H1)
print("The volume of a box %i x %i x %i is %i" % (L1, W1, H1, V1))
# - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
# Multiple data objects can be passed to a function by name.
print "\n================\nExample function: \"PetFood\""
def PetFood(cat=0, dog=0, bird=0):
# a house cat eats 25 gr of cat food per day.
catfood = 25 * cat
# a dog eats 100 gr of dog food per day.
dogfood = 100 * dog
# a bird eats 15 gr of bird food per day.
birdfood = 15 * bird
print "\n\tHow much Cat, Dog and Bird food?"
print "\tWith %i cats we need %i gr of catfood." % (cat, catfood)
print "\tWith %i dogs we need %i gr of dogfood." % (dog, dogfood)
print "\tWith %i birds we need %i gr of birdfood." % (bird, birdfood)
print "\tAll together the full bag should weigh about %i gr." % (catfood+dogfood+birdfood)
return (cat, catfood, dog, dogfood, bird, birdfood)
PetFood(cat=5, bird=10) # note that 'dog' has a default value of 0.
print PetFood(dog=12, cat=5, bird=10)
execv() of another python file in Pippy
- Author: Tom Mitchell
- About: execv()
- Shows: Shows how to run a file that might be edited in a terminal Activity"
This is a bit advanced but someone asked in the discussions. One value is that is much the way Python programmers work.
First in a terminal Activity use vim to generate a short python program like this:
#!/usr/bin/python print "this file is /tmp/t1.py" print "Fun with Python and Pippy"
Now make it executable:
chmod +x /tmp/t1.py
Next start Pippy and enter this code:
import os
f2="/tmp/t1.py"
print "================\nGetting ready to leave "
os.execv(f2, ("/tmp/t1.py", "Additional args here"))
print "N.B. This line is never reached"
More Examples
C. Scott Ananian created a small library of programming examples, based on the BASIC examples in the Commodore 64 manual. It can be found at http://dev.laptop.org/git?p=users/cscott/pippy-examples;a=tree