Activation and developer keys

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HowTo [ID# 178145]  +/-

A developer key is a file containing cryptographic information tied to a specific XO laptop.

What you can do with a developer key

If you don't have a developer key, and your laptop has firmware security enabled, it will not let you do anything except boot the operating system and use the provided software. If you insert a USB flash drive or SD card, the boot firmware will only boot from it if the files are tested and cryptographically signed by OLPC.

If the boot firmware sees a developer key in /security/develop.sig, it makes the XO laptop work just like any ordinary PC-style laptop:

• it will let you interrupt the boot process and enter commands
• it will try to boot and run any program you supply to it, no matter whether the OLPC organization has tested or signed it.

The laptop also works this way if its firmware security is disabled. OLPC produces many unsigned operating system images for development and testing, which will only work in your laptop if you have a developer key. Also, if your laptop refuses to boot because the clock is set wrong, or complains about an unsigned kernel, getting a developer key is a critical part of diagnosing and/or fixing the trouble.

Some laptops sent to schools in developing countries have firmware security enabled, depending on the wishes of that country's education system. Laptops that were sent to Give One, Get One donors also have firmware security enabled.

1. The firmware will look for a developer key on your laptop's internal flash memory; on any USB flash drive that's plugged in; and on any SD card that's plugged in. It needs to be in /security. (See Firmware security for the gory details.)
2. With a developer key, whenever the laptop boots, the firmware will give you the option to press the Escape key ((at the upper left, marked )) and get an ok prompt, which lets you enter commands in Forth. If you don't press Escape, after a short countdown the firmware continues booting the operating system.
   • This is the insecure boot process, and it will boot into any image you install on the xo.
   • Rather than drawing pretty pictures on the screen, lots of text messages will be displayed, and will eventually scroll up the screen. This is normal, and can be useful for diagnosing problems in your laptop.
   • The insecure boot process does not automatically upgrade firmware; you will be responsible for updating your firmware yourself.

Disabling security

One of the commands you can enter will enable this situation permanently, even without a developer key. This process is reversible.

1. If you type 'disable-security' at the ok prompt, firmware security will be turned off on your laptop permanently. (This isn't necessary, but in some cases useful; see below.)
   • If you ever do a fresh install of the operating system (a complete overwrite of the internal flash memory; i.e. not olpc-update), you will lose the developer key (stored in /security/develop.sig). If you haven't disabled security, and if the build you overwrote with isn't signed, your laptop won't boot by default. You can either reflash again with a signed image to recover, or insert a USB flash drive or SD card with your developer key on it (this is why you should always be sure to backup develop.sig).
   • Even if security is disabled, you can re-enable it for a single boot by pressing the X gamepad key while turning the power on. This is useful to do firmware upgrades from signed builds. It can also help to test secure boot on release candidates.
   • You can reverse the 'disable-security' command with 'enable-security' at the ok prompt.

Getting a developer key for your running XO laptop

1. On your XO, open the Browse activity.
2. There's a "Developer key request" web page on the XO to apply for a key. There are several ways to navigate to this page:
   • In all builds, you can type file:///home/.devkey.html in the browse location field to get to the request page.
   • In recent builds, "Get a developer key" is at the bottom of the Browse start page.
   • In older builds (8.1, 703 and higher), click "activities" in the OLPC Library left-hand navigation, click on the sub-menu "find activities", and at the bottom of the page that displays is the "apply for developer key" link. Also, under "books" in the OLPC Library, click on the sub-menu "explore your xo", click "troubleshooting", and under "How do I get a developer key for my laptop" is a link to "submit this form"
   • In still older builds (7.1, 650, 653, and 656), click on the Library link "other" and then on "about your xo". Click on the "apply for a developer key" link at the very bottom of the page. (You can press the 'check mark' (✓) game key to quickly get to the bottom of the page.)
3. Follow the directions to apply for a developer key; it should be created in a day or two.
4. Go back to the request page when your key is ready, and follow the instructions to download your key to your XO.
   • Once your key has been created, you can return to this page at any time on your XO to re-download it; there will be no further creation delay.
5. Reboot your XO.

Tip: if the typeface is too difficult to read easily, you can use Browse's Zoom options (in the View menu) to make it larger. Alternatively, you can copy the text and paste it into the Write activity, where you can resize it.

Make back up copies!

However you get a key, please make a copy of it on some other computer, one that gets backed up regularly, in case this one is lost. Also, you should copy your developer key to /security/develop.sig on a USB flash drive; then, if you have trouble booting an unsigned OS image, you can boot with the USB flash drive inserted without having to clean-install.

If you wipe out your developer key

If you reflash your XO, for example in the clean-install procedure, this will remove /security/develop.sig, which may leave you unable to boot if your O.S. is unsigned. But since the boot firmware also looks for this path on USB flash drive and SD card, you can insert one of these containing the file. You can either

• let boot complete and then copy the file back to NAND flash by typing in a terminal something like

 cp -pi /media/MY_USB_NAME/security/develop.sig /security

• press the top right Esc key during boot to access the firmware's 'ok' prompt, and then disable security or copy the file

Getting a developer key without WiFi

If you have some network access, you can:

• use a USB-to-wired ethernet adapter to get your XO on the net, then follow the above instructions.
• copy the file /home/.devkey.html from the XO to another (network-connected) machine, and perform the process from that machine. Entering the following command in the Terminal activity will copy it to any USB devices connected:
  • cp -p /home/.devkey.html /media/*/devkey.html

Getting a developer key without network

Via snail mail

You can submit a written request via snail mail to:

One Laptop per Child
P.O. Box 425087

Cambridge, MA 02142

Your key will be mailed back to you.

If the machine won't boot

Revert to a previous OS image

First, try booting with the 'O' (circle) gamepad key held down. That will attempt to boot a previous version of the OS, after which you can use one of the options above.

Generate a laptops.dat file

See the USB stick method described below. You can collect a laptops.dat file with the UUID information of your machine, or of many machines, with a single stick.

Getting devkey data via USB stick

This requires a USB memory stick, and manual assistance from someone at OLPC. The memory stick must be set up to work as a collection stick by adding code that at boot time copies information from the XO to itself. After using it, you should send the resulting file to OLPC.

• Set up a collection stick
• Plug the stick it into your laptop and power it on
• It will display a pretty "XO" screen and then a short message like "SHFxxxxxxxx nnnnnnnnnnnnnnn; Laptop data recorded successfully". After a few seconds it will power itself off or indicate it is done.
• Remove the USB stick and move the file to a different computer
• Email the laptops.dat file to help@laptop.org . Please describe your problem, including the serial number (printed inside your battery compartment, visible when you remove the battery), and attach the resulting laptops.dat file.

Setting up a collection stick

1. Download Actos.zip and Runos.zip (its source code in Forth, if you're interested, is at http://dev.laptop.org/git?p=users/cscott/actkey; it will only run if it's put into a signed zip file.)
2. Put these files into the /boot/ directory on a FAT-formatted or FAT32-formatted USB flash drive.
   • Most USB flash drives use FAT or FAT32 when you buy them (except "U2" memory sticks which probably won't work; they contain ugly DRM stuff).
3. Your USB flash drive should contain these files (and nothing else in the boot directory):

   boot/

   boot/Actos.zip

   boot/Runos.zip

4. If there is an old laptops.dat file on the USB flash drive from an earlier collection of laptops, you can delete it. However, see below : if you are gathering data from a number of laptops, do not delete the file in between XOs. The USB flash drive can have any other files on it that you like.

Getting devkey data for many XOs at once

For each laptop that you want to get a Developer Key for:

1. Repeat the above process, inserting your collection stick and powering on the laptop, for each XO in turn.
   • This will combine metadata for each laptop into one laptops.dat file, so do not delete the laptops.dat file in between.
2. Email the resulting file to help@laptop.org, indicating the # of laptops you need keys for.

Then wait for OLPC to send you your Developer key(s) and/or Activation key(s).

What to do when you receive your activation or developer keys

NB: OLPC may also send you other files to put on the USB flash drive, to help to patch or circumvent whatever problem is preventing your laptop from booting properly.

1. You can use the same USB flash drive that you used as collector stick.
2. You'll receive one or two files from OLPC. Extract the file or files using your email program.
   • If you receive a lease.sig file, it's your activation key. (G1G1 laptops don't need one.) Copy the file into the root directory of your USB flash drive.
3. Make a directory called security/ in the root directory of your USB flash drive, and copy the developer key develop.sig file into it.
4. You should now have these files on your key:

   lease.sig (if received)

   security/

   security/develop.sig

5. With the laptop powered off, insert the key into a USB port and power it on.

   If the laptop wasn't previously activated, it will now boot.

   Any activation key provided will be copied to /security/lease.sig on the XO. Keep the activation key around (or copy it to your school server) in case you later need to reflash the XO.

6. If you have a developer key, you should see a textual prompt, which you will see within the first few seconds of booting (along with a short countdown to give you time to hit the Escape key). This is your indication that the developer key has been found.
   • To permanently disable secure booting, press Escape and type "disable-security", then power cycle and repeat that command. (see Disabling Security, above.)
7. The developer key is not automatically copied to your laptop's internal flash memory. You can do that by copying security/develop.sig from the USB flash drive into /security/develop.sig on the XO. You'll need to be root in a Terminal activity to do that.

Remove the USB key as usual -- via the Journal or after you are at an "ok" prompt in the boot firmware.

If you requested keys for more than one laptop, you can use the same process and the same USB key for each laptop.

See also

• OLPC on free/open source software
• olpc-update
• Updates
• Software update

Note: the Developer key page generated by the OLPC Activation Service (in response to a developer key request from the XO) links to this page.