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{{Activity migrated to sl.o
| download=http://activities.sugarlabs.org/en-US/sugar/addon/4197
| git=http://git.sugarlabs.org/projects/measure
}}
{{Olpcboxtop|toptext=[[{{PAGENAME}}|Measure]]}}
{{Olpcboxtop|toptext=[[{{PAGENAME}}|Measure]]}}
{{ OBX activity |[[Image:Activity-measure.svg]]|bundled<!--|{{{text}}}--> }}
{{ OBX activity |[[Image:Activity-measure.svg]]|bundled<!--|{{{text}}}--> }}
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{{ OBX test |[[Tests/Measure|Measure]]<!--|2007-09-18--> }}
{{ OBX test |[[Tests/Measure|Measure]]<!--|2007-09-18--> }}
{{ OBX devtickets |measure-activity}}
{{ OBX devtickets |measure-activity}}
{{ OBX SL_devtickets |Measure}}
{{ OBX pootle|1=http://dev.laptop.org/git?p=projects/measure;a=blob_plain;f=po/Measure.pot;hb=HEAD|2=xobundled}}
{{ OBX pootle|1=http://dev.laptop.org/git?p=projects/measure;a=blob_plain;f=po/Measure.pot;hb=HEAD|2=xobundled}}
{{ OBX xobundle|http://dev.laptop.org/~arjs/Measure-14.xo|measure v14}}
{{ OBX xobundle|http://dev.laptop.org/~arjs/Measure-21.xo|measure v21}}
{{ OBX team |Adviser: [[User:Walter|Walter]], Core Development: [[User:arjs|Arjun]], Contributor(s): Cody Lodrige (drawing code optimization), Nathalia (translations)}}
{{ OBX team |Adviser: [[User:Walter|Walter]], Core Development: [[User:arjs|Arjun]], Contributor(s): Cody Lodrige (drawing code optimization), Eben Eliason (UI Design)}}
<small>see more [[:Category:OBX templates|templates]] or [[OBX proposals|propose new]]</small>
<small>see more [[:Category:OBX templates|templates]] or [[OBX proposals|propose new]]</small>
{{Olpcboxbottom}}
{{Olpcboxbottom}}


== Introduction ==
Children learn by doing things. It is said "Give the child a hammer, and the world are his nails".


==What is the Measure Activity ? (Introduction)==
This activity is a tool that allows kids an expression of their curiosity. It is a tool that allows kids to explore and learn by doing, by connecting and observing span physical phenomena and real world events. Kids would learn by recording and observing the physical phenomena and by connecting their observations to a previously learned concept, or even better - learn the concept based on the experiments and observation.The basic functionality of this activity spans being able to measure DC and AC voltages by observing them on a oscilloscope like interface, being able to watch waveforms in frequency domain (spectrum analyzer), logging data at a specified time interval and drawing the graph of logged data.


== Elements of the Measure activity ==

* There is a 1150 X 800 pixels window in which one sees the waveform. There is a light Grey colored grid in the background which is like the scale.
* ''Measure Toolbar'' which allows one to switch between AC and DC modes, Toggle Bias Voltage On/Off, View waveform in time domain or frequency domain, Select frequency range display, and be able to pause waveform on the screen.
* ''A Log Toolbar'' which allows one to select the data logging interval, start and stop the logging, display the log

==Screen shots of Measure Activity==


{|
{|
|-
|[[Image:Measure_1.png|left|thumb|200px|Signal in time domain]]
|[[image:Measure_1.png|thumb|200px|Measure Activity on the XO]]
|
|[[Image:Measure_3.png|left|thumb|200px|Signal in frequency domain]]
|[[image:Measure_tut_1_24.jpg|thumb|200px|Analog Input port on the XO (in pink)]]
|
|[[Image:Measure_4.png|left|thumb|200px|Displaying result of a logging session]]
|
|[[Image:Ver_14.png|left|thumb|200px|Version 14 of Activity]]

|}
|}


The Measure Activity is a tool on the XO that allows kids to indulge in "learning by doing". It provides an interface for the kids to connect with the physical world and an opportunity to view and understand through a visual and statistical representation of the physical phenomena.
== A short video ==


Using the Measure Activity on the XO, one can:
<youtube>FE1ufEIXLVo</youtube>


* Connect sensors (light, heat, magnetic field etc) and view their signal. Thus it is possible to view and study physical phenomena
* Input voltages and signals into the XO laptop and use it as an oscilloscope and
* Log data at a specified interval and store and retrieve waveforms


==Learning Activities==
This video is of Release Version 8 of the Activity. The latest release features an improved UI and few more features.


Children learn by doing things. It is said "Give a child a hammer, and the world becomes his nails."
This activity is a tool that allows kids to express their curiosity. It is a tool that allows kids to explore and learn by doing, by connecting and observing, span physical phenomena and real world events.


See the [[Measure/Projects|projects]] page for detailed instructions on a few projects. Also see the [[Measure/Hardware|hardware]] page for other ideas.
== Measure Activity activities ==


==Projects and Activities Index==
All these activities in some way involve transducers. A '''transducer''' is a mechanism that converts a physical event -- motion of atoms in a gas or liquid or solid (heat), air-pressure waves (sound), photons hitting a surface (light), vibration of a wire, etc. -- into an electrical signal suitable for measurement by an "apparatus".
:Example: Our inner ears serve both as sound- and balance-transducers for our brain. Each tiny hair in the cochlea has its own ''resonant frequency''. When presented with a sound at its given frequency the hair vibrates; this motion causes the hair to transmit an electro-chemical "wave" on a neuron to the brain. Balance-signals come from the three ''semicircular canals'' that also have hairs that move in response to the position of our head. While electricity moves in a wire differently than does the electro-chemical "wave" in a neuron, the fact that electricity is involved in both cases emphasizes its biological and practical importance.
===Projects and Activities Index===
[[User:Ndoiron/Out_Of_The_Box#Measure_Lessons|Measure Lesson ideas]] from Nick Doiron and others, from work in Uganda, Uruguay and Haiti:


* '''Record neurons from insects''' [[Projects/SpikerBox]]. The Spikerbox allows you to record neural activity from insects to learn how the brain works.
# Record animal sounds , for example, sounds of birds and observe their waveforms. Which of these are high frequency sounds, which are the low frequency ones ? Adjust the frequency sliders accordingly.
* '''Measure and record temperature''' [[Measure/Projects/Measure Temperature]]
# Whistle into the mic and compare the loudness and frequency of whistles by observing the waveforms.
* '''Build an oscilloscope probe''' [[Measure/Projects/Oscilloscope probe]]. Build a laptop-protective probe that allows you to measure voltages up to 24 VAC (40 volts peak) without damaging the laptop.
# Turn the sensitivity slider up to the maximum and observe ambient noise - in a quiet room , near a noisy road
* '''Build a lighted graticule''' [[Measure/Projects/Lighted Graticule]]. Together with the oscilloscope probe, the graticule calibrates the screen in the following ranges: 0.5 volt per division, 0.1 volt per division or 0.010 volts per division, where a "division" appears as a lighted line on the graticule. The "zero" is adjustable up and down over the entire screen.
# Measure the voltage of an AA size pencil cell. What settings do you use ? AC or DC ?
* '''Explore magnets and coils of wire''': [[Measure/Activities/Magnets and Wire]]. For the basics all you need is a couple little cylindrical magnets, a couple plastic sewing bobbins, some (ie.. 100 feet of 30 AWG) magnet wire, glue, tape and a couple paper cups. This also includes the following additional activities:
# Measure resistance of water , other liquids
:* '''Build your own microphone and speaker''': (the speaker requires a 1:100 amplifier+driver circuit).
# Log temperature using a temperature sensor at one hour intervals. When in the day is it the hottest ? The coldest ?
:* '''Build your own telephone''' (requires two magnets+coils, the amplifier, and a "driver" circuit).
# Some very interesting sensor ideas given by Arnans Roger , see - http://padthai.media.mit.edu:8080/cocoon/gogosite/documentation/makingSensors.xsp?lang=en
:* '''Build a guitar "pick-up probe"''' Requires a 0.25 inch magnet (it fits nicely inside the coil) to convert a guitar-wire's vibrations into voltage that you can see on the laptop -- see the harmonics etc.
:* '''Build a tuning fork oscillator''': Build a steel tuning-fork, stick a magnet on each of its two tines, and then use the microphone probe to see its sinewave vibrations. Explore feedback (requires the 1:100 amplifier+driver circuit) to make your tuning fork hum at its natural frquency. Explore resonance (requires the signal generator -- see below). Careful design results in a useable frequency reference for other experiments.
*'''Build a signal-generator''': [[Measure/Projects/Signal-Generator]]. Describes the design of a voltage-to-frequency converter with better than 1% accuracy between 0 and 2000 Hz (0 to 2.000 volts). Together with a frequency-counter project (see below), the signal generator can double as a digital voltmeter. This, or a commercial equivalent, is necessary for a number of interesting activities.
*'''Build an ammeter:''' [[Measure/Projects/Ammeter]]. An '''ammeter''' or "amp(ere)-meter" measures electrical current (flow of electrons). A speaker coil, a magnetic compass, a 1000 ohm resistor and 5 volts from the laptop readily demostrate that (electro-)magnetism -- electrons moving in a coil of wire -- can cause motion. This experiment pursues the observation. With a magnet and a homemade -- but very-sensitive, balance-beam scale (made from the same 1/8 inch diameter steel rod used to build the tuning forks) -- I've detected (not measured) electric currents as low as 50 one-millionth of an ampere. The balance-beam scale's design is the fussy part, a more-suitable design is TBD.
:*'''Build a weight-measuring scale:''' The first step is a suitable balance beam scale with one side being pulled by the magnet+coil to "null" out weight in a pan on the other side. We then measure the "amps" required to null the weight.
*'''Build a length-transducer''':[[Measure/Projects/Length transducer]]. The simplest transducer for measuring length -- distance between two points in a straight line -- is a resistive "slider potentiometer". Although more complex this activity is more interesting because it reinforces the notions of electromagnetism.
:* '''Part I: Build a transformer''': Transformers can protect us from electrocution -- but they only work with alternating electricity (AC). They move, and change the voltage of, AC electrical energy without the input and output wires being in "galvanic" or direct physical contact. To build a "transformer" requires two pickup probes (coils of wire), an oscillator plus the driver/amplifier. The bottom-most coil serves as the driver (the input) and the top coil is the pickup (the output). What happens when the driving frequency changes?
::* Teaching point -- transformers and steel: Transformers work better when iron (steel) is inside the coils. Move the steel rod up and down inside the two coils and watch the "induced voltage" change on the screen.
::* Interesting teaching point about permanent magnets: A string of permanent magnets won't work as the "steel rod". Why? Because all the iron, cobalt etc atoms are lined up stiffly and can't be made to move by the teensy electrical field "induced" by the signal generator.
:* '''Part II: Build an LVDT (length-measuring device):''' Although the basic principle is shown with the moving-steel-rod experiment above, this experiment makes a better demonstration. This requires a third coil to be placed top-most in a stack of three coils with the driver coil in the middle, plus an appropriate hookup of the bottom and top coils "in series". The output can be seen on the screen to change dramatically with the location of the steel rod inside the three coils.
::* Can the LVDT be used together with a ''4th'' coil to build an ammeter? TBD.
* '''Build a (frequency-) counter:''' [[Measure/Projects/Frequency counter]]. This project can be used with the other projects and also -- together with the voltage-to-frequency oscillator -- serve as a voltmeter. It comes in two parts:
:*'''Build a 1-second "time base":''' Digital watches contain tiny crystal tuning forks -- remarkably inexpensive at $0.30 in single units -- that vibrate at at 32,768 Hz (cycles per second). With one of these and a couple inexpensive integrated circuits we can build a 1-second "time base". From the time base we derive "zero-the-counter" and "load-the-counts-to-the-display" pulses required by the event-counter.
:*'''Build an event-counter:''' A preliminary design uses four divide-by-ten counters (CD40110BE), four resistor arrays and four 7-segment LED to display accumulated counts -- over the one-second interval-- ranging from 0000 to 9999. (I have not found an inexpensive (e.g. less than $5.00) way of doing this -- exact design TBD).
* '''Build a "port-expander":''' [[Measure/Projects/Port expander]]. There aren't enough USB ports on the laptop to supply +5 volts to all the various projects described above. Also the heavy current draw of the 100:1 amplifer/driver can interfere with the other devices. A simple port expander can solve this problem (design TBD).


Some threads for interesting learning experiments are below -


# Record animal sounds, for example, sounds of birds and observe their waveforms. Which of these are high frequency sounds, which are the low frequency ones? Adjust the frequency sliders accordingly.
(Ideas 1 and 2 given by Erik Blankenship)
# Whistle into the microphone and compare the loudness and frequency of whistles by observing the waveforms.
# Get two people to try to whistle the same note, and look into Beat Frequencies.
# Turn the sensitivity slider up to the maximum and observe ambient noise - in a quiet room, near a noisy road.
# Measure the voltage of an AA size pencil cell. What settings do you use? AC or DC?
# Measure resistance of water, other liquids
# Log temperature using a temperature sensor at one hour intervals. When in the day is it the hottest? The coldest?
# Some very interesting sensor ideas given by Arnans Roger, see - http://padthai.media.mit.edu:8080/cocoon/gogosite/documentation/makingSensors.xsp?lang=en


==='''How to build low cost sensors'''===
== Downloading and running the activity on the XO ==


* '''Specifications:'''


{| class="wikitable"
The link for the latest version of the activity is http://dev.laptop.org/~arjs/Measure-11.xo . Other previous versions
|-
can be found at http://dev.laptop.org/~arjs/
! Name
! Description
! Vendor
! Reference
|-
| [[Image:Switch 04.JPG‎‎‎|thumb|center|200px|Switch]]
| Switch lever spdt 3A PCB
| http://www.digikey.com
| SW773-ND
|-
| [[Image:Thermistor 04.jpg‎‎|thumb|center|200px|Temperature]]
| Thermisor NTC 10K OHM 5%
| http://www.digikey.com
| 317-1258-ND
|-
| [[Image:Light sensor 03.jpg‎|thumb|center|200px|Light]]
| Photocell 5K-20K OHM 4.20 MM
| http://www.digikey.com
| PDV-P9203-ND
|-
| [[Image:Magnetic sensor 04.jpg‎|thumb|center|200px|Magnetic switch(1)]]
| Switch Reed 10-15AT SPST .5A
| http://www.digikey.com
| 420-1047-ND
|-
| Magnetic switch(2)
| Switch Reed SPST .5A 12-23 A/T
| http://www.digikey.com
| HE502-ND
|-
| [[Image:Humidity 04.JPG‎|thumb|center|200px|Humidity sensor]]
| Consists of a metal electrode on a humidity sensitive membrane mounted on a ceramic substrate
| http://www.rhopointcomponents.com
| SYH-1NC
|}


* '''Instructions in English:'''
:[[Making a Switch Sensor]]
:[[Making a Light Sensor]]
:[[Making a Humidity Sensor]]
:[[Making a Magnetic Sensor]]
:[[Making a Thermistor]]


==Downloading the Activity==
To install the .xo bundle, in the sugar shell (do not do this as root) type
Please visit the [[Measure/Download|download]] page to download the latest stable and unstable releases of the Activity.


==Kids guide to Measure==
sugar-install-bundle <path>/Measure-11.xo
==Teachers guide to Measure==
*[http://cnx.org/content/m13512/latest/ Talking about Sound and Music]. This content could make an excellent teaching supplement to Measure. Explains acoustic concepts.
*[http://cnx.org/content/m13246/latest/ Acoustics for Music Theory], another possibly useful teaching supplement.


==Hacker's guide to Measure==


===[[Measure/Start| Getting started]]===
''Activity has been found running well on build 575 and higher. Since it is a CPU intensive activity, it works best on B3 and B4 machines. Also pre-B4 machines might not fully support the DC mode.''


== Measure Projects ==
==Measure Temperature==


See also [[:Category:XO sensors]] for instructions on making other kinds of sensors.
# A low cost (possibly $2) probe that would increase the range of voltage that can be applied to the input.
# An ultrasonic distance measurement system that connects to the XO and allows the XO to log data. This has immense applications in water level monitoring in villages and also in robotics applications.
# A general purpose hardware kit that interacts with the measure activity. Something on similar lines to http://www.create.ucsb.edu/~dano/CUI/
# Sensors could be distributed along with the XO as peripherals. The advantage of this would be that the measure activity can be calibrated against the known specs of the sensors.
# Being able to measure resistance
# A low cost version of LEGO mindstorms system built around the XO. The XO has good hardware and software capabilities to achieve this.
# RS232 or serial interface would allow a host of electronic devices to interact and communicate with the XO.
# Build a sensor network using a sensor connected to each XO and utilize the mesh networking capability of the XO. This would give us a highly powerful, robust and reconfigurable sensor network.
# Build medical applications using sensors and the XO. See [[TeleHealth_Module]]
# Do some Fablab projects using the XO. See http://fab.cba.mit.edu/labs/vigyan/
# Collaborative music creation over the mesh using the music software on the XOs and giving input from an array of different sensors.
# Integrate sensor input into LOGO / Turtle activity
# Milk purity in rural areas. I remember reading about it in some FabLab's website - I think it requires an ADC, which we have.
# [[Measure_/_Oscilloscope#Temperature_monitoring_system|Temperature Monitoring and Logging]]
# [[Measure_/_Oscilloscope#Intrusion_Alarm_system|Intrusion Alarm System]]


===Construction===
== Hardware details ==
See [[Making XO sensors/Making a Temperature Sensor]] for detailed construction instructions.
The Analog Devices [http://www.datasheetcatalog.com/datasheets_pdf/A/D/1/8/AD1888.shtml AD1888] sound chip has the ability to sample DC voltages. Experimentally it has been found out that the range is fairly linear, however the range that it can sample is restricted to 0.3V - 1.9V , with all the internal gains turned to the minimum.


===Operation and measurement===
The XO hardware has been designed to facilitate measurement of DC voltages by the addition of an electronic switch that can be controlled via a setting on the Alsa mixer called 'Analog Input' . The high pass filter can also be turned on/off by a setting 'High Pass Filter' in Alsamixer. The ability to control V_REFOUT (bias voltage) is also available and is done by the control 'V_REFOUT' in alsamixer.


'''Please download the Activity from the link title "For LM35" from the unstable branch by going to the [[Measure/Download|downloads]] page. This release is a pre-calibrated version for using with this temperature sensor.''''


All the above settings are being handled in the activity by using an os.system("amixer <control name> <mute/unmute>")


[[Image:LM35.png|thumb|center|300px|This is what your temperature measurement would look like]]


[[Image:Img_3842.jpg|thumb|center|300px|Measuring temperature of water]]


== For software developers ==
==$2 USB I/O and sensor board==


[[Image:Sensor_Laptop_Wide.JPG |thumb|center|Low Cost USB Sensor board|300px]]
# See tickets assigned to measure-activity on trac for ways to help out!


See Edward Baafi's low cost USB sensor board [[USB_Sensor|here]]


==Learning activities==
===Brief overview of the code===


==Sensor Input into Turtle Art==


[[Turtle_Art|Turtle Art]] is an abstraction. By allowing sensors to control various aspects of motion of the Turtle, one is enabling kids to connect with their physical world and bring that connection into the abstraction that Turtle Art represents
# audiograb.py
# drawwaveform.py
# config.py


I've integrated sensor support into Turtle Art. This basically allows one to add a "Sensor Input" block into Turtle Art. One can thereby control any aspect of the Turtle's motion depending upon the value of the sensor. When no sensor is connected, the default input is taken from the Mic.


'''''The code is in the git repository of Measure (look for the TurtleArt.activity folder)'''''
''audiograb.py'' is the file that takes care of grabbing input audio samples. It uses a gstreamer pipeline in which the handoff signal of the fakesink element is used to intercept the data in the pipeline. Data logging is done in this class since we can use the sampling rate as a time reference; i.e. we know the sampling rate and also the number of elements in each buffer that is intercepted from the pipeline. So each atomic time interval is (1/Fs * bufferSize). This is the time interval after which we get a handoff signal.
: This is weird. Talk to [[user:arjs|Arjun]] about fixing this so that it's merged into Turtle Art proper.


===Screen shots===
[[Image:Measure_turtle1.png|thumb|200px|center|The turtle that moves in proportion to sensor input. Increasing the temperature made it move in larger squares]]
[[Image:TA_sensors_learning_workshop.png|thumb|200px|center|Program made during learning workshop at OLPC by Adrian and other participants (11th - 14th Feb) to log sensor values at an interval of five seconds]]
[[Image:Measure_turtle2.jpg|thumb|200px|center|For demonstration, heating the temperature sensor. This caused the Turtle to move larger distances]]


===Try it out!===
''drawWaveform.py'' is the class that handles the waveform drawing part. It creates and uses a cairo context to draw the background, the grid and the waveform. It uses a combination of pango and cairo for displaying the text as it was found out that cairo is itself not good at rendering text. All drawing occurs in the expose function which is the gtk expose event handler. It does drawing from the real time samples or from a file. In real time, it can either draw time domain or display the frequency domain samples. self.integer_buffer is one buffer that is obtained from audiograb.py and self.main_bufers is the buffer that accumulates all these buffers. The self.main_buffers is sampled at varying intervals of time, depending upon the frequency range selected, to form self.buffers which is the buffer that is scaled and drawn. self.main_buffers is sampled at a larger interval (set by self.spacing) for lower frequencies and at a shorter interval for higher frequencies. An example calculation is as follows. If we form 1 self.buffers by taking all consecutive elements, we would be sampling at 48khz. I have found that to draw a reasonable representation of a sine wave, one needs at least 8 -12 points. Hence the largest frequency that can be represented accurately is given by 48/12 = 4Khz, or less.Text is updated after every self.update_text expose events.
If you wish to try out Turtle Art with sensors, please click [[Measure/Turtle|here]] to go the download and usage guidelines page.


===Work remaining===
* Input based on the frequency of signal. This would allow whistling at a higher frequency give a higher input
* Incorporating the various options (Bias/NoBias and AC/DC) into the UI of Turtle Art


===Acknowledgments===
''config.py'' contains all global variables.
Thanks to Brian Silvermann for helping me find my way in the existing Turtle Art code.


==Getting involved==


===Educators/Teachers===
=== Signals and timeouts used in the software ===
We'd love help from educators. You can help by organizing learning activities around children wherever you are. Feel free to get in touch with us to discuss your ideas and co-ordinate efforts.


Document these learning activities that you undertake and help teachers and educators all around the world to replicate the same activities!
The handoff signal in audiograb.py is emitted whenever a new buffer is available. The signal handler is on_buffer which adds a gobject timeout. On timeout, _new_buffer is called which emits a custom signal new-buffer. The signal handler for this custom signal is _new_buffer in drawWaveform. Within _new_buffer, the new buffer is read and saved /stored. The expose event is queued in the main measure.py which causes the expose function to be called.


===Software developers===
Help is needed from volunteers from Python developers. Please visit [[Measure/Software|this]] page to find out details. If you have experience in writing optimized Python code, please leave a note on the discussion tab of this page and someone will get in touch with you.


===Hardware enthusiasts===
Do interesting hardware projects around the XO. Visit the [[Measure/Hardware|Measure hardware]] page to learn more. You might also want to see the [[Measure/Projects|projects]] page.


We are B.E students working on Measuring activity of various sensors in OLPC.
== For content developers ==
We are having Temperature and humidity sensor, which we have to connect to OLPC. We have checked it through Terminal window whether anything is connected to that port or not. But it was not detected and the log format also does not appear.. So can you tell us how it can be detected? So please help us as early as possible.
I have yet to work on a to-do task list for the content. However, I wish to develop a complete page around each of the points (and more) enumerated in the [[Measure_/_Oscilloscope#Learning_activities|Learning activities]] section mentioned above. Ideally I would want a short illustrative video on each page.


===Community Photos===


http://www.flickr.com/photos/tiayiti/sets/72157629707249381/


[ADD YOUR OWN PHOTOS/VIDEOS HERE!]
== Output and related ideas ==


==A note about safety==
This page presents a solution for electrical signals to be input to the XO. For the corresponding problem on output, no such solution exists, but there are some ideas at [[Electrical output]]. One idea there is to use the modem connection as finely-timed output - clearly, this would also work for increasing the number of input signals, though it is probably more useful for timing than for fine measurement.
[[Image:Cautionary warning -- Caution.png|left|50px]]


'''SAFETY FIRST!'''


* Make measurements of AC line voltages with the proper equipment only -- for example, a multimeter designed for the purpose. The laptop is not a multimeter.


If you don't know what you are doing or are unsure, don't do it. Electricity can be dangerous.


==Future plans==
''There is a risk of electric shock resulting in death if the XO is used to measure mains voltage by direct connection. The audio input components are not designed for this and damage is likely to result. The extent of the damage is not easily predictable. The only components intended for mains voltage are the pins of the AC adaptor. Dangerous voltages applied to the audio input may also be emitted on audio output, USB connectors, or the DC power input jack.''
# Comparison of many graphs
# Sharing of the graphs
# Analog Input support into TamTam jam




For a version by version plans page see [[Measure/Plans|here]]


== Temperature monitoring system ==




==Acknowledgments==
=== How to build ===
(In no particular order. List in progress...)
You need-
# LM35 or any similar temperature sensor
# USB connector
# Audio connector
# Some wire or a cable. You could use cut a USB cable and an audio cable from the middle
# Measure Activity


Thanks to
* Walter Bender - (project adviser) for providing invaluable guidance, encouragement and support at all stages of development.
* Mitch Bradley for help on a number of fronts including teaching me about decimation and window functions.
* Benjamin Schwartz for providing critical feedback.
* John Watlington for suggestions and help on a number of hardware related fronts; and also for allowing me to borrow your book on the Tale of the Scale which I find very inspiring.
* Bernardo Innocenti for teaching me many things about Linux, Python and also for a lot of help on code design.
* Michael Stone for great inputs towards the code design and for being great company at 1cc.
* Tom Boonsiri and Jake for great applications of Measure Activity in health peripherals
* WvBailey for a '''huge''' number of invaluable projects and documentation efforts. Thanks a lot!
* seberg (on d.l.o) for suggestions on code optmization
* Mary Lou Jepsen for suggestions and feedback
* Kim for testing related suggestions
* Ted Selker for a lot of great suggestions
* SJ Klein for a lot of great suggestions
* Albert Cahalan for a lot of important critical feedback
* C.J Leonard for links to great resources
* Tomeu for a lot of help on the code
* Eben Eliason for help in UI design
* Ivan for connecting me with the NumPy group
* Henry Edward Hardy for providing feedback and suggestions
* Daniel Drake for testing help
* C Scott for suggestions and help related to coding
* David Cavallo for suggestions and feedback
* Rafael Ortiz for help in testing and feedback
* Cody Lodridge for great drawing code optimizations
* Mel Chua for being the number one fan of Measure Activity and telling the whole world about it. Thanks Mel!
* Dan Winship for great help on the code and for teaching me about GObject.
* Jim Gettys for thinking of the Activity as an important part of the build system.
* The teacher at Khairat- Sandeep Surve for showing great enthusiasm towards it as it being an important learning tool and thereby increasing my enthusiasm to work in it further.
* Carla Gomez Monroy for teaching me so much about learning, team work and many other things, and also for great feedback from the field and for implementing many of my efforts on the field.
* Erik Blankinship and Mihir Bakhtiar for many engrossing discussions that allowed me to shape the development course of the Measure Activity.
* Julia Reynolds for thinking of Measure as the 'coolest Activity on the XO'
* Seth Woodworth for great suggestions and feedback
* Arnans Roger for introducing me to his work at MIT that allowed me to learn a lot about shaping the development course of the Activity.
* Henry Holtzman for great encouragement and support on the Activity
* Barry Vercoe for allowing me to demo my work to his class at MIT and for giving me great ideas about sensors in music


==Proposed re-organization of this page==
The USB port has two pins which are of use to us. One is the ground and the other one is the one which provides a constant 5V. When you cut a USB cable in the middle, you could find out by trial-and-error by using a simple Voltmeter which are the two wires corresponding to these two pins. If you don't have a Voltmeter, try using a simple LED and a resistor to do the job.


===General goals===
We provide the +5V that this temperature sensor requires from the USB port. For this we connect the +5V wire to the Vcc of the sensor. We connect the ground to the Ground terminal on the LM35. We connect the Vout of the sensor to the Audio Input jack.
* small overall size of page
* links to other pages with a picture accompanying what the link is about
* links depend on the user and what he/she has come to look for on the page


===Possible links===
* Educators
* Getting started (perhaps on the main measure page itself)
* Activity activities
* Developers


=== How to operate ===
===Work in progress here===
[[Measure/New_temp]]
Set the Measure Activity to be in the DC Mode and Turn Off the Bias Voltage. Both these can be controlled by using the first two buttons on the 'Measure Toolbar'.


==Contact==
The DC voltage is proportional to the temperature . The voltage that the XO can read varies between 0.9 V - 3V. The output of the sensor would be from 0-5V, so, for for different ranges of temperature one can either use a potential divider for higher ranges or using resistances add a bias to the Vout of the sensor from the +5V of the USB again.
Contact Arjun Sarwal through -


Email : arjun AT laptop dot org


IRC : arjs on #olpc #sugar
=== Learn More ===
The LM35 has an output voltage proportional to the temperature. The scale is 0.01V/C.
Read the [[http://www.ece.osu.edu/~passino/LM35.pdf Data Sheet]] to learn more.


One could log temperature over a period of time - say at an interval of 1 hour for a complete day to know when is it the hottest / coldest.


=== Video ===
(put video with flame demonstration here, put pictures here - including ckt diagram)


== Intrusion Alarm system ==




=== How to build ===
You need-
# A toy laser
# An LDR or a Photo-Voltaic cell
# Some wire
# Measure Activity


Open up the toy laser and remove the batteries. Connect a wire to the spring inside and connect the other wire to the metallic body inside. Connect both of these wires to the USB power supply wires. Click here to learn about how to determine the USB power supply lines.


Connect the LDR to the Audio Jack.


=== How to operate ===
Set the Measure Activity into DC Mode and turn ON the bias voltage. Setup the LDR and the laser to be in line and facing each other. When the path of the laser light gets cut, you should observe a marked increase in voltage indicated by the position of the waveform shifting up.


'''Give a child a hammer and the world becomes his nails...'''
=== Learn More ===
The resistance of the LDR - Light Dependent Resistor is proportional to the amount of light falling on it. The potential drop across the LDR is dependent on the resistance of the LDR. When the path of the light gets cut,
the resistance increases hence we notice a marked increase in voltage indicated on the screen.


[[Category:Measure]]
Click here to know more about Bias Voltage and how it works.
{{Activity page
|icon=Image:Activity-measure.svg
|genre=Math and Science
|activity group=Activities/G1G1
|short description=TODO!: Measure lets kids measure the real world with their XO and provides a visual and statistical representation.
|long description=Using the Measure Activity on the XO, one can:


* Connect sensors (light, heat, magnetic field etc) and view their signal. Thus it is possible to view and study physical phenomena
=== Video ===
* Input voltages and signals into the XO laptop and use it as an oscilloscope and

* Log data at a specified interval and store and retrieve waveforms
Put a video here and some pics
|contact person=User:Arjs

|activity source=http://dev.laptop.org/git?p=projects/measure
[[Category:Hardware ideas]]
|team=user:Walter
[[Category:Software ideas]]
|bundle URL=http://dev.laptop.org/~arjs/Measure-21.xo
[[Category:Peripherals]]
|activity version=21

|releases=8.2.0 (767)
==Acknowledgments==
}}
Thanks to Mitch Bradley and John Watlington for their help and suggestions during the development of the Activity.
{{Activity bundle
|bundle URL=http://dev.laptop.org/~arjs/Measure-21.xo
|activity version=21
|releases=7.1.0 (650), 7.1.1 (653), 7.1.2 (656)
}}

Latest revision as of 23:13, 9 March 2016

?Sugar icon}}    This activity is now hosted at the Sugar Activity Library.

The information here is likely to be out-of-date. Consult the new pages for "Measure" first:

Activity-measure.svg This activity was bundled
TST Measure
Trac print.png Tickets all - active - new
Trac print.png SL Tickets all - active - new
OlpcProject.png Adviser: Walter, Core Development: Arjun, Contributor(s): Cody Lodrige (drawing code optimization), Eben Eliason (UI Design)

see more templates or propose new


What is the Measure Activity ? (Introduction)

Measure Activity on the XO
Analog Input port on the XO (in pink)

The Measure Activity is a tool on the XO that allows kids to indulge in "learning by doing". It provides an interface for the kids to connect with the physical world and an opportunity to view and understand through a visual and statistical representation of the physical phenomena.

Using the Measure Activity on the XO, one can:

  • Connect sensors (light, heat, magnetic field etc) and view their signal. Thus it is possible to view and study physical phenomena
  • Input voltages and signals into the XO laptop and use it as an oscilloscope and
  • Log data at a specified interval and store and retrieve waveforms

Learning Activities

Children learn by doing things. It is said "Give a child a hammer, and the world becomes his nails." This activity is a tool that allows kids to express their curiosity. It is a tool that allows kids to explore and learn by doing, by connecting and observing, span physical phenomena and real world events.

See the projects page for detailed instructions on a few projects. Also see the hardware page for other ideas.

Projects and Activities Index

All these activities in some way involve transducers. A transducer is a mechanism that converts a physical event -- motion of atoms in a gas or liquid or solid (heat), air-pressure waves (sound), photons hitting a surface (light), vibration of a wire, etc. -- into an electrical signal suitable for measurement by an "apparatus".

Example: Our inner ears serve both as sound- and balance-transducers for our brain. Each tiny hair in the cochlea has its own resonant frequency. When presented with a sound at its given frequency the hair vibrates; this motion causes the hair to transmit an electro-chemical "wave" on a neuron to the brain. Balance-signals come from the three semicircular canals that also have hairs that move in response to the position of our head. While electricity moves in a wire differently than does the electro-chemical "wave" in a neuron, the fact that electricity is involved in both cases emphasizes its biological and practical importance.

Projects and Activities Index

Measure Lesson ideas from Nick Doiron and others, from work in Uganda, Uruguay and Haiti:

  • Record neurons from insects Projects/SpikerBox. The Spikerbox allows you to record neural activity from insects to learn how the brain works.
  • Measure and record temperature Measure/Projects/Measure Temperature
  • Build an oscilloscope probe Measure/Projects/Oscilloscope probe. Build a laptop-protective probe that allows you to measure voltages up to 24 VAC (40 volts peak) without damaging the laptop.
  • Build a lighted graticule Measure/Projects/Lighted Graticule. Together with the oscilloscope probe, the graticule calibrates the screen in the following ranges: 0.5 volt per division, 0.1 volt per division or 0.010 volts per division, where a "division" appears as a lighted line on the graticule. The "zero" is adjustable up and down over the entire screen.
  • Explore magnets and coils of wire: Measure/Activities/Magnets and Wire. For the basics all you need is a couple little cylindrical magnets, a couple plastic sewing bobbins, some (ie.. 100 feet of 30 AWG) magnet wire, glue, tape and a couple paper cups. This also includes the following additional activities:
  • Build your own microphone and speaker: (the speaker requires a 1:100 amplifier+driver circuit).
  • Build your own telephone (requires two magnets+coils, the amplifier, and a "driver" circuit).
  • Build a guitar "pick-up probe" Requires a 0.25 inch magnet (it fits nicely inside the coil) to convert a guitar-wire's vibrations into voltage that you can see on the laptop -- see the harmonics etc.
  • Build a tuning fork oscillator: Build a steel tuning-fork, stick a magnet on each of its two tines, and then use the microphone probe to see its sinewave vibrations. Explore feedback (requires the 1:100 amplifier+driver circuit) to make your tuning fork hum at its natural frquency. Explore resonance (requires the signal generator -- see below). Careful design results in a useable frequency reference for other experiments.
  • Build a signal-generator: Measure/Projects/Signal-Generator. Describes the design of a voltage-to-frequency converter with better than 1% accuracy between 0 and 2000 Hz (0 to 2.000 volts). Together with a frequency-counter project (see below), the signal generator can double as a digital voltmeter. This, or a commercial equivalent, is necessary for a number of interesting activities.
  • Build an ammeter: Measure/Projects/Ammeter. An ammeter or "amp(ere)-meter" measures electrical current (flow of electrons). A speaker coil, a magnetic compass, a 1000 ohm resistor and 5 volts from the laptop readily demostrate that (electro-)magnetism -- electrons moving in a coil of wire -- can cause motion. This experiment pursues the observation. With a magnet and a homemade -- but very-sensitive, balance-beam scale (made from the same 1/8 inch diameter steel rod used to build the tuning forks) -- I've detected (not measured) electric currents as low as 50 one-millionth of an ampere. The balance-beam scale's design is the fussy part, a more-suitable design is TBD.
  • Build a weight-measuring scale: The first step is a suitable balance beam scale with one side being pulled by the magnet+coil to "null" out weight in a pan on the other side. We then measure the "amps" required to null the weight.
  • Build a length-transducer:Measure/Projects/Length transducer. The simplest transducer for measuring length -- distance between two points in a straight line -- is a resistive "slider potentiometer". Although more complex this activity is more interesting because it reinforces the notions of electromagnetism.
  • Part I: Build a transformer: Transformers can protect us from electrocution -- but they only work with alternating electricity (AC). They move, and change the voltage of, AC electrical energy without the input and output wires being in "galvanic" or direct physical contact. To build a "transformer" requires two pickup probes (coils of wire), an oscillator plus the driver/amplifier. The bottom-most coil serves as the driver (the input) and the top coil is the pickup (the output). What happens when the driving frequency changes?
  • Teaching point -- transformers and steel: Transformers work better when iron (steel) is inside the coils. Move the steel rod up and down inside the two coils and watch the "induced voltage" change on the screen.
  • Interesting teaching point about permanent magnets: A string of permanent magnets won't work as the "steel rod". Why? Because all the iron, cobalt etc atoms are lined up stiffly and can't be made to move by the teensy electrical field "induced" by the signal generator.
  • Part II: Build an LVDT (length-measuring device): Although the basic principle is shown with the moving-steel-rod experiment above, this experiment makes a better demonstration. This requires a third coil to be placed top-most in a stack of three coils with the driver coil in the middle, plus an appropriate hookup of the bottom and top coils "in series". The output can be seen on the screen to change dramatically with the location of the steel rod inside the three coils.
  • Can the LVDT be used together with a 4th coil to build an ammeter? TBD.
  • Build a (frequency-) counter: Measure/Projects/Frequency counter. This project can be used with the other projects and also -- together with the voltage-to-frequency oscillator -- serve as a voltmeter. It comes in two parts:
  • Build a 1-second "time base": Digital watches contain tiny crystal tuning forks -- remarkably inexpensive at $0.30 in single units -- that vibrate at at 32,768 Hz (cycles per second). With one of these and a couple inexpensive integrated circuits we can build a 1-second "time base". From the time base we derive "zero-the-counter" and "load-the-counts-to-the-display" pulses required by the event-counter.
  • Build an event-counter: A preliminary design uses four divide-by-ten counters (CD40110BE), four resistor arrays and four 7-segment LED to display accumulated counts -- over the one-second interval-- ranging from 0000 to 9999. (I have not found an inexpensive (e.g. less than $5.00) way of doing this -- exact design TBD).
  • Build a "port-expander": Measure/Projects/Port expander. There aren't enough USB ports on the laptop to supply +5 volts to all the various projects described above. Also the heavy current draw of the 100:1 amplifer/driver can interfere with the other devices. A simple port expander can solve this problem (design TBD).

Some threads for interesting learning experiments are below -

  1. Record animal sounds, for example, sounds of birds and observe their waveforms. Which of these are high frequency sounds, which are the low frequency ones? Adjust the frequency sliders accordingly.
  2. Whistle into the microphone and compare the loudness and frequency of whistles by observing the waveforms.
  3. Get two people to try to whistle the same note, and look into Beat Frequencies.
  4. Turn the sensitivity slider up to the maximum and observe ambient noise - in a quiet room, near a noisy road.
  5. Measure the voltage of an AA size pencil cell. What settings do you use? AC or DC?
  6. Measure resistance of water, other liquids
  7. Log temperature using a temperature sensor at one hour intervals. When in the day is it the hottest? The coldest?
  8. Some very interesting sensor ideas given by Arnans Roger, see - http://padthai.media.mit.edu:8080/cocoon/gogosite/documentation/makingSensors.xsp?lang=en

How to build low cost sensors

  • Specifications:
Name Description Vendor Reference
Switch
 Switch lever spdt 3A PCB http://www.digikey.com SW773-ND
Temperature
 Thermisor NTC 10K OHM 5% http://www.digikey.com 317-1258-ND
Light
 Photocell 5K-20K OHM 4.20 MM http://www.digikey.com PDV-P9203-ND
Magnetic switch(1)
 Switch Reed 10-15AT SPST .5A http://www.digikey.com 420-1047-ND
Magnetic switch(2) Switch Reed SPST .5A 12-23 A/T http://www.digikey.com HE502-ND
Humidity sensor
 Consists of a metal electrode on a humidity sensitive membrane mounted on a ceramic substrate http://www.rhopointcomponents.com SYH-1NC
  • Instructions in English:
Making a Switch Sensor
Making a Light Sensor
Making a Humidity Sensor
Making a Magnetic Sensor
Making a Thermistor

Downloading the Activity

Please visit the download page to download the latest stable and unstable releases of the Activity.

Kids guide to Measure

Teachers guide to Measure

Hacker's guide to Measure

Getting started

Measure Temperature

See also Category:XO sensors for instructions on making other kinds of sensors.

Construction

See Making XO sensors/Making a Temperature Sensor for detailed construction instructions.

Operation and measurement

Please download the Activity from the link title "For LM35" from the unstable branch by going to the downloads page. This release is a pre-calibrated version for using with this temperature sensor.'


This is what your temperature measurement would look like
Measuring temperature of water

$2 USB I/O and sensor board

Low Cost USB Sensor board

See Edward Baafi's low cost USB sensor board here

Learning activities

Sensor Input into Turtle Art

Turtle Art is an abstraction. By allowing sensors to control various aspects of motion of the Turtle, one is enabling kids to connect with their physical world and bring that connection into the abstraction that Turtle Art represents

I've integrated sensor support into Turtle Art. This basically allows one to add a "Sensor Input" block into Turtle Art. One can thereby control any aspect of the Turtle's motion depending upon the value of the sensor. When no sensor is connected, the default input is taken from the Mic.

The code is in the git repository of Measure (look for the TurtleArt.activity folder)

This is weird. Talk to Arjun about fixing this so that it's merged into Turtle Art proper.

Screen shots

The turtle that moves in proportion to sensor input. Increasing the temperature made it move in larger squares
Program made during learning workshop at OLPC by Adrian and other participants (11th - 14th Feb) to log sensor values at an interval of five seconds
For demonstration, heating the temperature sensor. This caused the Turtle to move larger distances

Try it out!

If you wish to try out Turtle Art with sensors, please click here to go the download and usage guidelines page.

Work remaining

  • Input based on the frequency of signal. This would allow whistling at a higher frequency give a higher input
  • Incorporating the various options (Bias/NoBias and AC/DC) into the UI of Turtle Art

Acknowledgments

Thanks to Brian Silvermann for helping me find my way in the existing Turtle Art code.

Getting involved

Educators/Teachers

We'd love help from educators. You can help by organizing learning activities around children wherever you are. Feel free to get in touch with us to discuss your ideas and co-ordinate efforts.

Document these learning activities that you undertake and help teachers and educators all around the world to replicate the same activities!

Software developers

Help is needed from volunteers from Python developers. Please visit this page to find out details. If you have experience in writing optimized Python code, please leave a note on the discussion tab of this page and someone will get in touch with you.

Hardware enthusiasts

Do interesting hardware projects around the XO. Visit the Measure hardware page to learn more. You might also want to see the projects page.

We are B.E students working on Measuring activity of various sensors in OLPC. We are having Temperature and humidity sensor, which we have to connect to OLPC. We have checked it through Terminal window whether anything is connected to that port or not. But it was not detected and the log format also does not appear.. So can you tell us how it can be detected? So please help us as early as possible.

Community Photos

http://www.flickr.com/photos/tiayiti/sets/72157629707249381/

[ADD YOUR OWN PHOTOS/VIDEOS HERE!]

A note about safety

Cautionary warning -- Caution.png

SAFETY FIRST!

  • Make measurements of AC line voltages with the proper equipment only -- for example, a multimeter designed for the purpose. The laptop is not a multimeter.

If you don't know what you are doing or are unsure, don't do it. Electricity can be dangerous.

Future plans

  1. Comparison of many graphs
  2. Sharing of the graphs
  3. Analog Input support into TamTam jam


For a version by version plans page see here


Acknowledgments

(In no particular order. List in progress...)

Thanks to

  • Walter Bender - (project adviser) for providing invaluable guidance, encouragement and support at all stages of development.
  • Mitch Bradley for help on a number of fronts including teaching me about decimation and window functions.
  • Benjamin Schwartz for providing critical feedback.
  • John Watlington for suggestions and help on a number of hardware related fronts; and also for allowing me to borrow your book on the Tale of the Scale which I find very inspiring.
  • Bernardo Innocenti for teaching me many things about Linux, Python and also for a lot of help on code design.
  • Michael Stone for great inputs towards the code design and for being great company at 1cc.
  • Tom Boonsiri and Jake for great applications of Measure Activity in health peripherals
  • WvBailey for a huge number of invaluable projects and documentation efforts. Thanks a lot!
  • seberg (on d.l.o) for suggestions on code optmization
  • Mary Lou Jepsen for suggestions and feedback
  • Kim for testing related suggestions
  • Ted Selker for a lot of great suggestions
  • SJ Klein for a lot of great suggestions
  • Albert Cahalan for a lot of important critical feedback
  • C.J Leonard for links to great resources
  • Tomeu for a lot of help on the code
  • Eben Eliason for help in UI design
  • Ivan for connecting me with the NumPy group
  • Henry Edward Hardy for providing feedback and suggestions
  • Daniel Drake for testing help
  • C Scott for suggestions and help related to coding
  • David Cavallo for suggestions and feedback
  • Rafael Ortiz for help in testing and feedback
  • Cody Lodridge for great drawing code optimizations
  • Mel Chua for being the number one fan of Measure Activity and telling the whole world about it. Thanks Mel!
  • Dan Winship for great help on the code and for teaching me about GObject.
  • Jim Gettys for thinking of the Activity as an important part of the build system.
  • The teacher at Khairat- Sandeep Surve for showing great enthusiasm towards it as it being an important learning tool and thereby increasing my enthusiasm to work in it further.
  • Carla Gomez Monroy for teaching me so much about learning, team work and many other things, and also for great feedback from the field and for implementing many of my efforts on the field.
  • Erik Blankinship and Mihir Bakhtiar for many engrossing discussions that allowed me to shape the development course of the Measure Activity.
  • Julia Reynolds for thinking of Measure as the 'coolest Activity on the XO'
  • Seth Woodworth for great suggestions and feedback
  • Arnans Roger for introducing me to his work at MIT that allowed me to learn a lot about shaping the development course of the Activity.
  • Henry Holtzman for great encouragement and support on the Activity
  • Barry Vercoe for allowing me to demo my work to his class at MIT and for giving me great ideas about sensors in music

Proposed re-organization of this page

General goals

  • small overall size of page
  • links to other pages with a picture accompanying what the link is about
  • links depend on the user and what he/she has come to look for on the page

Possible links

  • Educators
  • Getting started (perhaps on the main measure page itself)
  • Activity activities
  • Developers

Work in progress here

Measure/New_temp

Contact

Contact Arjun Sarwal through -

Email : arjun AT laptop dot org

IRC : arjs on #olpc #sugar





Give a child a hammer and the world becomes his nails...

Activity Summary

Icon: Sugar icon::Image:Activity-measure.svg
Genre: Activity genre::Math and Science
Activity group: ,|x|Activity group::x}}
Short description: Short description::TODO!: Measure lets kids measure the real world with their XO and provides a visual and statistical representation.
Description: [[Description::Using the Measure Activity on the XO, one can:
  • Connect sensors (light, heat, magnetic field etc) and view their signal. Thus it is possible to view and study physical phenomena
  • Input voltages and signals into the XO laptop and use it as an oscilloscope and
  • Log data at a specified interval and store and retrieve waveforms]]
Maintainers: ,|x|Contact person::x}}
Repository URL: Source code::http://dev.laptop.org/git?p=projects/measure
Available languages: ,|x|Available languages::x}}
Available languages (codes): ,|x|Language code::x}}
Pootle URL:
Related projects: Related projects,|x|Related projects::x}}
Contributors: ,|x|Team member::x}}
URL from which to download the latest .xo bundle Activity bundle::http://dev.laptop.org/~arjs/Measure-21.xo
Last tested version number: Activity version::21
The releases with which this version of the activity has been tested. ,|x|Software release::x}}
Development status:
Ready for testing (development has progressed to the point where testers should try it out): ,|x|Ready for testing::x}}
smoke tested :
test plan available :
test plan executed :
developer response to testing :


URL from which to download the last .xo bundle that works with old releases Activity bundle::http://dev.laptop.org/~arjs/Measure-21.xo
Activity version number: Activity version::21
The releases with which this version of the activity has been tested. ,|x|Software release::x}}
Development status:
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