User:Az990tony/edublog-beta-sw
This software stack is based on This Beta Server hardware built for the Educational Blogger Project .
Devices Available
Based on the hardware, the following devices are available:
- CD/DVD Burner
/dev/hda (it is in the Primary/Master position on the first EIDE cable, but can be represented on some systems as /dev/cdrom, /dev/dvd, /dev/dvdrw, and /dev/sr0)
- SATA disks
/dev/sda (this is drive 1)
/dev/sdb (this is drive 2)
Note that /dev/sda1, sda2, sda3 and sda4 can be bootable primary partitions. Typically, sda4 is configured as an "extended partition" which allows subsets to be defined as logical partitions sda5, sda6, and so on.
- USB keys or external drives
/dev/sdc for the drive itself /dev/sdc1 (for the VFAT file system usually on it)
Note: depending on when the USB was attached, this could be /dev/sdd1, /dev/sde1 or /dev/sdf1.
- Ethernet Network Interface cards
eth0, eth1 and eth2 seemed to be assigned to the one motherboard connector and two PCI cards differently between operating systems. I will need to track down the MAC addresses to keep them straight.
RAID and Logical Volume Manager
RAID and LVM are supported on most recent Linux distributions and provide some key advantages. However, they can also be difficult to work with and require knowledge in particular commands to handle properly.
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)
Configurations include:
- RAID 0
Stripes data across for better performance. Two 160GB drives would look like a fast 320GB drive, but if you lose any one drive, you have lost everything
- RAID 1
Mirrors the data across drives. Multiple copies means you have better protection, so if you lose any one drive, the rest of the system can still run. Two 160GB drives would look like a single 160GB drive. Performance is the same or slightly slower than a single drive.
- RAID 5
Stripes with parity for added protection. One drive's worth is set aside for parity, so three 160GB drives would hold 320GB of data; four 160GB drives would hold 480GB of data. Since we have only two drives, this option does not apply to us. Performance is faster for read, but can be slower for writes, depending on how the parity methods are implemented.
- RAID 10
Striped and Mirrored. Sometimes referred to as RAID 0+1 or RAID 1+0, this combines RAID 1 with RAID 0. Data is striped across disk 1 and disk 2, disk 3 is a mirror of disk 1 stripe, and disk 4 is mirror of disk 2 stripe. Thus four 160GB drives holds 320GB of data. If you lose any one drive, the mirrored copy is still available, so the system will be able to continue to run. Performance is same or slightly slower than a 2-drive RAID 0 configuration.
- LINEAR
This just strings together a bunch of different sized disks sequentially. A 160GB drive, 320GB and 500GB drive could be combined into 980GB.
- JBOD
JBOD stands for "Just a Bunch of Disks", a term meaning there is no RAID for protection or performance improvement. This refers to deployments where each disk drive is independent.
RAID-1 Considerations:
- Can mirror the entire drive ( /dev/sda <--> /dev/sdb ) or individual same-sized partitions ( /dev/sda1 <--> /dev/sdb1 )
- Can mirror swap space. This appears to be preferred best practice over just having swap space on separate disks.
- Mirrored drives appear as:
- Software RAID (/dev/md0, /dev/md1)
- or, Hardware-assisted BIOS "fakeraid" (/dev/dm-0, /dev/dm1) which is not supported on the hardware I have for this project
- In general, a mirrored partition can be used wherever a native partition can be used
- Can be used as physical volumes for Logical Volume Manager
- /boot directory can be on RAID1, but not be on RAID0, RAID5, RAID10 or any other RAID configuration.
RAID rebuild: In the event a disk fails in RAID-1 mode, the single surviving drive can be used to continue operations. When a new replacement drive is available, the following procedures can be used to rebuild.
Place the surviving drive as "drive 1", remove the bad drive from the system.
- boot up
- indicate that drive 2 has failed
Place the new drive as "drive 2"
- boot up
- copy over the disk layout from "drive 1" using "sfdisk" utility
- copy over the MBR from "drive 1" using "dd" utility
- add the new partitions to /dev/md0, /dev/md1, etc. (the data will be copied over)
Logical Volume Manager (LVM2)
Logical Volume Manager allows a level of storage virtualization between the physical hardware and the operating system and applications. There are two formats, LVM (older) and LVM2 (newer). We will use LVM2.
- Physical Volumes
A physical volume (pv) can be an entire disk drive (/dev/sda), partition (/dev/sda1), or RAID mirror (/dev/md0)
- Volume Groups
A volume group (vg) combines the space capacity of one or more physical volumes. A physical volume can only be part of a single volume group. A volume group can host one or more logical volumes.
- Logical Extents
The volume group is divided into fixed-size pieces called "logical extents" or LE. These are typically 32MB in size.
- Logical Volume
A logical volume is a "virtual drive" that appears like a device or partition to the operating system. A logical volume can be the entire space of a single volume group, or a subset of a single volume group. Logical volumes can be increased or decreased in size, and can be moved as needed onto or away from specific physical volumes. A logical volume is one or more logical extents, so the smallest Logical Volume is one LE (typicallly 32MB). A logical extent can only be part of one logical volume.
LVM2 Considerations:
- A volume group can contain physical volumes of different sizes
- Linux cannot boot from a Logical Volume, this can be solved by having a separate /boot directory that is not part of the Logical Volume, and the rest of root (/) in the logical volume.
- Logical volumes cannot be resized using the "gparted" tool
- Linux swap space can be defined onto logical volume
Disk Layout
Most Linux systems only require the following:
- A Master Boot Record (MBR) that contains the boot loader and disk layout
- A root directory (/)
- The root directory can be split up into subdirectories for /boot, /var, /home on separate partitions
- swap space (typically as big or bigger than installed RAM)
Possible Disk Layout configurations
Several disk layouts are possible. Depending on the Operating System installation procedure, you may have to install in JBOD, RAID or LVM, and then migrate to be a full RAID+LVM configuration.
1. Simple JBOD (no RAID, no LVM)
/dev/sda /dev/sdb MBR (boot loader / disk layout ) MBR (disk layout only) /dev/sda1 as /boot /dev/sdb1 for extra space /dev/sda5 as / /dev/sda6 as swap
2. RAID (no LVM)
/dev/sda /dev/sdb MBR1 (boot loader/layout) <-independent-> MBR2 (boot loader/layout) /dev/sda1 as /boot <- /dev/md0 -> /dev/sdb1 /dev/sda5 as / <- /dev/md1 -> /dev/sdb5 /dev/sda6 as swap <- /dev/md2 -> /dev/sdb6
2. LVM (no RAID)
/dev/sda /dev/sdb MBR (boot loader / disk layout ) MBR (disk layout only) /dev/sda1 as /boot /dev/sdb1 as physical volume /dev/sda5 as physical volume where: VolGroup00 --- combines /dev/sda5 and /dev/sdb1 LogVol00 -- as / LogVol01 -- as swap
3. RAID (no LVM)
/dev/sda /dev/sdb MBR1 (boot loader/layout) <-independent-> MBR2 (boot loader/layout) /dev/sda1 as /boot <- /dev/md0 -> /dev/sdb1 /dev/sda5 as / <- /dev/md1 -> /dev/sdb5 /dev/sda6 as swap <- /dev/md2 -> /dev/sdb6
4. RAID and LVM
/dev/sda /dev/sdb MBR1 (boot loader/layout) <-independent-> MBR2 (boot loader/layout) /dev/sda1 as /boot <- /dev/md0 -> /dev/sdb1 /dev/sda5 as physical vol <- /dev/md1 -> /dev/sdb5 where: VolGroup00 --- /dev/md1 LogVol00 -- as / LogVol01 -- as swap
5. RAID and LVM with rescue partition
/dev/sda /dev/sdb MBR1 (boot loader/layout) <-independent-> MBR2 (boot loader/layout) /dev/sda1 as /boot <- /dev/md0 -> /dev/sdb1 /dev/sda2 as /rescue <- /dev/md1 -> /dev/sdb2 /dev/sda5 as physical vol <- /dev/md2 -> /dev/sdb5 where: VolGroup00 --- /dev/md2 LogVol00 -- as / LogVol01 -- as swap
6. RAID and LVM with rescue and scratch partitions
/dev/sda /dev/sdb MBR1 (boot loader/layout) <-independent-> MBR2 (boot loader/layout) /dev/sda1 as /boot <- /dev/md0 -> /dev/sdb1 /dev/sda1 as /rescue <- /dev/md1 -> /dev/sdb2 /dev/sda3 as /scratch1 <-independent-> /dev/sdb3 as /scratch2 /dev/sda5 as swap <-independent-> /dev/sdb5 /dev/sda6 as physical vol <- /dev/md2 -> /dev/sdb6 /dev/sda7 as physical vol <- /dev/md3 -> /dev/sdb6 where: VolGroup00 --- combine /dev/md2 and /dev/md3 LogVol00 -- as / LogVol01 -- as swap
Partition Sizes
The following sizes can be used:
- boot -- 680 MB
This could fit on a single CD for recovery purposes. /boot will contain /boot/grub boot loader, and can contain alternative kernels to select from during the boot process. Most OS only need 100MB, so this should be plenty.
- rescue -- 4GB
This would be enough to have a basic operating system with software utilities, and include manuals, ISO images of CDs, and so on. This could fit on a single DVD or several CDs for recovery purposes.
- scratch -- 30GB each
This can be used to download ISO files, store "partimage" backups, and so on. These are not RAID protected, so if you lose a disk drive, these files will not be mirrored on the other drive.
- swap -- 2GB
This can be swap during the initial installs.
- base1, base2, base3 -- rest of the disk (40GB of so each)
This will be the /dev/sda4 extended partition carved into smaller logical partitions that can be defined as physical volumes or RAID-1 mirrored pairs.
Creating the Disk Partition table
For some reason, with fresh disks that have no format or partition, most 32-bit LiveCD were unable to boot. To solve this, I booted a 64-bit AMD64-based LiveCD (Fedora 8 in my case), created the partitions and then could use a 32-bit LiveCD for the rest of the install. SystemRescueCD is also capable of booting in either 64-bit or 32-bit mode, use "boot: rescue64" to boot into 64-bit mode.
Boot from the "SysRescCD" and use "fdisk" to configure /dev/sda. The final layout should look something like this:
Disk /dev/sda: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000a0a65 _ _ Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 80 642568+ 83 Linux /dev/sda2 81 581 4024282+ 83 Linux /dev/sda3 582 4229 29302560 83 Linux /dev/sda4 4230 19457 122318910 5 Extended /dev/sda5 4230 4497 2152678+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda6 4498 19457 120246493+ 83 Linux
Note that all of the partitions are of type "83" (native Linux) except /dev/sda5 which is type "82" (Linux swap). You will need to "reboot" for these changes to the partition table to take effect.
To save time, you can configure one drive /dev/sda then copy over the configuration to the second drive as follows:
sfdisk -d /dev/sda | sfdisk /dev/sdb --force
Operating System
The team wants to develop and test the EduBlog software on a variety of platforms. The operating systems considered were:
- XS School Server
We're using the XS-163 (the latest level at this time). This is a customized version of Fedora 7 with special settings to run as a school server. The CD runs unattended, works when there is only a single SATA drive installed, and wipes away any previous partition table to form a new partition table.
- Fedora 7
The XS School Server is based on Fedora 7, so if we are unable to get the XS installation kickstart file to support the disk layout, we felt a backup plan was to install Fedora 7 natively. Fedora 7 could also be used graphically by Glen on premises to help with problem determination.
- Debian 4.0-r3 Etch
Ceibal (OLPC Uruguay) has chosen to use Debian 4.0-r3 Etch instead for their projects. It was a stretch goal to see if we could set up a "dual-boot" or "multi-boot" environment that would support XS-Debian, Fedora-Debian, or XS-Fedora-Debian configurations.
- System Rescue
While not a complete Operating System to run EduBlog or perform development work, we might need to have an independent OS for administration or maintenance. Many utilities work best on data that is not currently active in use. This could be done with a LiveCD or as a separate partition on the disk drive.
[[ http://sysresccd.org/Main_Page | SysRescCD 1.0.3 ]] supports sshd so that with the right network setup, someone could effect software repairs remotely. It has a variety of utilities, including "partimage" that can be used to backup individual partitions or logical volumes. Installing on hard disk is a matter of copying just seven files over to /sysrcd directory on a primary or mirrored partition, but not in a Logical Volume. "GRUB" as the boot loader can be updated to run this at reboot.
Scaffolding
A simple technique to build a complicated configuration is known as "scaffolding", borrowing from the concept of building a large house, apartment or office structure.
Here is the basic sequence:
- Install a single OS on a single SATA disk drive (make sure the other drive is disconnected, such as by pulling the SATA signal cable off the motherboard)
- Backup that installation onto CD, DVD or external USB disk media
- Wipe the system clean, install the second OS and back this up
- Wipe the system clean, install the third OS and back this up
- Wipe the system clean, re-define partition tables with no LVM2 or RAID
- Restore the individual OS backups into each place on the new system
- Connect the second SATA drive
- Create RAID pairs of each partition you want protected
- Devine LVM2 pv, vg and lv and move data into the appropriate logical volume
Preparation
This will show you how to prepare partition images for each OS you want. This involves wiping the system clean, installing the OS when only one single drive is attached, and then backing the appropriate files to external media using "partimage" utility.
Step 1. Destroy All Data
For each OS, wipe the system clean. The following command will zero out the first cylinder of your hard disk eliminating the master boot record and partition table.
[root ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=512 count=1
Step 2. Install from CD
Run the installation from CD. The XS-163 will carve up the disk as follows:
/dev/sda1 /boot -- 100MB /dev/sda2 / -- (root) 8GB (8192MB) /dev/sda5 pv -- physical volume for LVM2, rest of disk VolGroup00 -- volume group on physical volume LogVol00 /library LogVol01 swap
If you are installing Fedora 7, Debian 4, etc. wipe out all partitions, and choose "create custom setup" and define the following. The rest of the drive will be unused, but it is important to make the initial /(root) directory as small as possible.
/dev/sda1 /boot -- 200MB /dev/sda2 / -- (root) 8GB (8192MB) /dev/sda5 swap
Step 3. Capture initial list of application packages
Before you change anything or install any packages, do the following, which will document all of the base RPM packages on your XS163 or Fedora 7 system. That way you can compare any new packages that were installed afterwards and see the differences using diff command. For Debian 4, use the apt-get utility instead.
[root ~]# cd /root [root ~]# mkdir /boot/details [root ~]# rpm -qa | sort > /boot/details/rpm-xs163.txt
Step 4. Create partition images
We will now backup this OS image. These partition images will then be used to re-assemble the final system. We can use this procedure for Backup-and-Restore-Using-SysRescueCD.
Here is what you end up with:
For each OS you will have:
- master.mbr -- this is the Master Boot Record (first 446 bytes of each disk)
- sfdisk-d.txt -- this is the disk layout, human-and-computer readable
- grubmenu.txt -- this has the initial boot parameters (/boot/grub/menu.lst --> grub.conf)
- etcfstab.txt -- this is the list of mount points (/etc/fstab file)
- sda1boot.img.000 -- this is the /boot directory
- sda2base.img.000 -- this is the / directory
- sda2base.img.001 -- (the files are 692MB each, so they can fit on CDrom)