XO Korea/Core Ideas/Economics

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환영합니다 | Portal | XO Korea | Deployment | Content | Hardware | Software | Mesh Network | Ethics | LOS | XO City | Accreditation | Consortium

Economic Performance - Domestic Economy

(1 ~ 11) Size, (12 ~ 18) Growth, (19 ~ 24) Wealth, (25 ~ 28) Forecasts

Gross domestic product (GDP):: US$ billions

  • Year 2006
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GDP (PPP) Estimates; US$ billions at purchasing power parity

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Private final consumption expenditure:: US$ billions

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Private final consumption expenditure:: Percentage of GDP

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Government final consumption expenditure:: US$ billions

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Government final consumption expenditure:: Percentage of GDP

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Gross domestic investment:: US$ billions

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Gross domestic investment:: Percentage of GDP

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Gross domestic savings:: US$ billions

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Gross domestic savings:: Percentage of GDP

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Economic sectors:: Breakdown as a percentage of GDP

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Real GDP Growth:: Percentage change, based on national currency in constant prices

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Real GDP Growth per capita:: Percentage change, based on national currency in constant prices

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Private final consumption expenditure - real growth:: Percentage change, based on national currency in constant prices

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Government final consumption expenditure - real:: growth Percentage change, based on national currency in constant prices

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Gross domestic investment - real:: growth Percentage change, based on national currency in constant prices

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Gross domestic savings - real:: growth Percentage change, based on national currency in constant prices

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Resilience of the economy:: Resilience of the economy to economic cyclesis strong

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GDP per capita:: US$ per capita

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GDP (PPP) per capita:: Estimates; US$ per capita at purchasing power parity

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Private final consumption expenditure per capita:: US$ per capita

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Government final consumption expenditure per capita:: US$ per capita

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Gross domestic investment per capita:: US$ per capita

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Gross domestic savings per capita:: US$ per capita

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Forecast:: Real GDP Growth:: Percentage change, based on national currency in constant prices

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Forecast:: Inflation:: Percentage change

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Forecast:: Unemployment:: Percentage of total labor force

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28 Forecast:: Current account balance:: Percentage of GDP/GNP

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International Trade

Current account balance:: US$ billions (minus sign = deficit)

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Current account balance:: Percentage of GDP

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Balance of trade:: US$ billions (minus sign = deficit)

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Balance of trade:: Percentage of GDP

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Balance of commercial services:: US$ billions (minus sign = deficit)

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Balance of commercial services:: Percentage of GDP

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Exports of goods:: US$ billions

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Exports of goods:: Percentage of GDP

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Exports of goods - real growth:: Percentage change based on US$ values

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Exports of commercial services:: US$ billions

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Exports of commercial services:: Percentage of GDP

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Exports of commercial services - real growth:: Percentage change based on US$ values

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Exports breakdown by economic sector:: Percentage of total exports

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Imports of goods & commercial services:: US$ billions

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Imports of goods & commercial services:: Percentage of GDP

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Imports of goods & commercial services - real growth:: Percentage change based on US$ values

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Imports breakdown by economic sector:: Percentage of total imports

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Trade to GDP ratio:: (Exports = Imports) / (2 x GDP)

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Terms of trade index:: Unit value of exports over unit value of imports (2000 = 100)

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Tourism receipts:: International tourism receipts as a percentage of GDP

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International Investment: (1 ~ 15) Investment, (16 ~ 17) Finance

Direct investment flows abroad:: US$ billions

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Direct investment flows abroad:: Percentage of GDP

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Direct investment stocks abroad:: US$ billions

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Direct investment stocks abroad - real growth:: Percentage change based on US$ values

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Direct investment flows inward:: US$ billions

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Direct investment flows inward:: Percentage of GDP

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Direct investment stocks inward:: US$ billions

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Direct investment stocks inward - real growth:: Percentage change based on US$ values

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Balance of direct investment flows:: US$ billions (flows abroad minus flows inward)

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Balance of direct investment flows:: Percentage of GDP (flows abroad minus flows inward)

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Net position in direct investment stocks:: US$ billions (stocks abroad minus stocks inward)

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Net position in direct investment stocks:: Percentage of GDP (stocks abroad minus stocks inward)

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Relocation threats of production:: Relocation of production is not a threat to the future of your economy

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Relocation threats of R&D facilities:: Relocation of R&D facilities is not a threat to the future of your economy

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Relocation threats of services:: Relocation of services is not a threat to the future of your economy

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Portfolio investment assets:: US$ billions

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Portfolio investment liabilities:: US$ billions

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Employment

Employment:: Total employment in millions

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Employment:: Percentage of population

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Employment - growth:: Estimates:: percentage change

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Employment by sector:: Percentage of total employment

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Employment in the public sector:: Percentage of total employment

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Unemployment rate:: Percentage of labor force

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Long-term unemployment:: Percentage of labor force

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Youth unemployment:: Percentage of labor force

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Prices

Consumer price inflation:: Average annual rate

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Cost-of-living index:: Index of basket of goods & services in major cities, excluding housing. New York City=100

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Apartment rent:: 3-room apartment monthly rent in major cities, US$

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Office rent:: Total occupation cost (US$/Sq.M per year)

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Government Efficiency

Public Finance

Government budget surplus/deficit:: US$ billions

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Government budget surplus/deficit:: Percentage of GDP

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Total general government debt:: US$ billions

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Total general government debt:: Percentage of GDP

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Total general government debt - real growth:: Percentage change, based on national currency in constant prices

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Central government domestic debt:: Percentage of GDP

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Central government foreign debt:: Percentage of GDP

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Interest payment:: Percentage of current revenue

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Management of public finances:: Management of public finances over the next two years is likely to improve

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Total reserves:: Including gold and official reserves (gold = SDR 35 per ounce)

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General government expenditure:: Percentage of GDP

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Fiscal Policy

Collected total tax revenues:: Percentage of GDP

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Collected personal income tax:: On profits, income and capital gains, as a percentage of GDP

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Collected corporate taxes:: On profits, income and capital gains, as a percentage of GDP

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Collected indirect tax revenues:: Taxes on goods and services as a percentage of GDP

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Collected capital and property taxes:: Percentage of GDP

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Collected social security contribution:: Compulsory contribution of employees and employers as a percentage of GDP

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Effective personal income tax rate:: Percentage of an income equal to GDP per capita

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Corporate tax rate on profit:: Maximum tax rate, calculated on profit before tax

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Consumption tax rate:: Standard rate of VAT / GST

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EmployeeRs social security contribution rate:: Compulsory contribution as a percentage of an income equal to GDP per capita

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EmployerRs social security contribution rate:: Compulsory contribution as a percentage of an income equal to GDP per capita

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Real personal taxes:: Real personal taxes do not discourage people from working or seeking advancement

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Real corporate taxes:: Real corporate taxes do not discourage entrepreneurial activity

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Tax evasion:: Tax evasion does not hamper business activity

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Institutional Framework - (1 ~ 7) Central Bank, (8 ~ 16) State Efficiency

Real short-term interest rate:: Real discount / bank rate

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Cost of capital:: Cost of capital encourages business development

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Interest rate spread:: Lending rate minus deposit rate

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Country credit rating:: Rating on a scale of 0-100 assessed by the Institutional Investor Magazine ranking

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Central bank policy:: Central bank policy has a positive impact on economic development

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Exchange rate policy:: Exchange rate policy supports the competitiveness of enterprises

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Exchange rate stability:: Parity change from national currency to SDR, 2005/2003

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Policy direction of the government:: Policy direction of the government is consistent

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Legal and regulatory framework:: The legal and regulatory framework encourages the competitiveness of enterprises

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Adaptability of government policy:: Adaptability of government policy to changes in the economy is high

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Government decisions:: Government decisions are effectively implemented

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Political parties:: Political parties do understand today's economic challenges

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Transparency:: Transparency of government policy is satisfactory

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Public service:: The public service is independent from political interference

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Bureaucracy:: Bureaucracy does not hinder business activity

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Bribing and corruption:: Bribing and corruption do not exist in your economy

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Business Legislation - (1 ~ 7) openness, (8 ~ 17) Competition and Regulations, (18 ~ 20) Labor Regulations

Customs' authorities:: Customs' authorities do facilitate the efficient transit of goods

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Protectionism:: Protectionism does not impair the conduct of your business

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Public sector contracts:: Public sector contracts are sufficiently open to foreign bidders

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International transactions:: International transactions can be freely negotiated with foreign partners

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Foreign investors:: Foreign investors are free to acquire control in domestic companies

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Access to capital markets:: Access to capital markets (foreign and domestic) is easily available

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Investment incentives:: Investment incentives are attractive to foreign investors

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Government subsidies:: To private and public companies as a percentage of GDP

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Subsidies:: Subsidies do not distort fair competition and economic development

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Competition legislation:: Competition legislation is efficient in preventing unfair competition

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Product and service:: legislation Product and service legislation does not deter business activity

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Price controls:: Price controls do not affect pricing of products in most industries

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Parallel economy:: Parallel (black-market, unrecorded) economy does not impair economic development

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Regulation intensity:: Regulation intensity does not restrain the ability of companies to compete

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Ease of doing business:: Ease of doing business is prevalent in your economy

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Creation of firms:: Creation of firms is supported by legislation

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Start-up days:: Number of days to start a business

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Labor regulations:: Labor regulations (hiring/firing practices,etc.) do not hinder business activities

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Unemployment:: legislation Unemployment legislation provides an incentive to look for work

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Immigration laws:: Immigration laws do not prevent your company from employing foreign labor

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Societal Framework

Justice:: Justice is fairly administered

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Personal security and private property:: Personal security and private property are adequately protected

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Risk of political instability:: The risk of political is very low

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Social cohesion:: Social cohesion is a priority for the government

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Income distribution - lowest 20%:: Percentage of household incomes going to lowest 20% of households

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Income distribution - highest 20%:: Percentage of household incomes going to highest 20% of households

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Discrimination:: Discrimination (race, gender, etc.) does not pose a handicap in society

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Females in parliament:: Percentage of total seats in Parliament

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Female positions:: Percentage of total legislators, senior officials and managers

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Gender income ratio:: Ratio of estimated female to male earned income globally

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Harassment Harassment (unethical behaviour, etc.) does not disturb the work environment

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Business Efficiency

Productivity and Efficiency

Overall productivity (PPP):: Estimates:: GDP (PPP) per person employed, US$

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Overall productivity:: GDP per person employed, US$

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Overall productivity - real growth:: Estimates:: Percentage change of real GDP per person employed

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Labor productivity (PPP):: Estimates:: GDP (PPP) per person employed per hour, US$

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Agricultural productivity (PPP):: Estimates:: Related GDP (PPP) per person employed in agriculture, US$

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Productivity in industry (PPP):: Estimates:: Related GDP (PPP) per person employed in industry, US$

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Productivity in services (PPP):: Estimates:: Related GDP (PPP) per person employed in services, US$

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Large corporations:: Large corporations are efficient by international standards

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Small and medium-size enterprises:: Small and medium-size enterprises are efficient by international standards

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Labor Market - ( ~ ) Costs, (~ ) Relations, ( ~ ) Availability of Skills

Compensation levels:: Estimates:: Total hourly compensation for manufacturing workers, US$

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Unit labor costs in the manufacturing sector:: Percentage change

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Remuneration in services professions:: Gross annual income including supplements such as bonuses, in US$

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Remuneration of management:: Total base salary plus bonuses and long-term incentives, US$

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Working hours:: Average number of working hours per year

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Labor relations:: Labor relations are generally productive

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Worker motivation:: Worker motivation is high in your economy

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Industrial disputes:: Working days lost per 1,000 inhabitants per year (Average)

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Employee training:: Employee training is a high priority in companies

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Labor force:: Employed and registered unemployed

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Labor force:: Percentage of population

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Labor force growth:: Percentage change

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Part-time employment:: Percentage of total employment

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Female labor force:: Percentage of total labor force

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Foreign labor force:: Percentage of total labor force

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Skilled labor:: Skilled labor is readily available

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  • Year 2010

Finance skills:: Finance skills are readily available

  • Year 2006
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Brain drain:: Brain drain does not hinder competitiveness in your economy

  • Year 2006
  • Year 2007
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Foreign high-skilled people:: Foreign high-skilled people are attracted by the business environment of your economy

  • Year 2006
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International experience:: International experience of senior managers is generally significant

  • Year 2006
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Competent senior managers:: Competent senior managers are readily available

  • Year 2006
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Finance- ( ~ ) Bank Efficiency, ( ~ ) Stock Market Efficiency, ( ~ ) Finance Management

Banking sector assets:: Percentage of GDP

  • Year 2006
  • Year 2007
  • Year 2008
  • Year 2009
  • Year 2010

Credit:: Creditf lows easily from banks to businesses

  • Year 2006
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Number of credit cards issued:: Per capita

  • Year 2006
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  • Year 2010

Credit card transactions:: Number of transactions per capita

  • Year 2006
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Investment risk:: Euromoney country credit-worthiness scale from 0-100

  • Year 2006
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Venture capital:: Venture capital is easily available for business development

  • Year 2006
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Banking and financial services:: Banking and financial services do support business activities efficiently

  • Year 2006
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Retail banking:: Population /number of bank offices

  • Year 2006
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Banking regulation:: Banking regulation does not hinder business development

  • Year 2006
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Stock markets:: Stock markets provide adequate financing to companies

  • Year 2006
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Stock market capitalization:: US$ billions

  • Year 2006
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Stock market capitalization:: Percentage of GDP

  • Year 2006
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Value traded on stock markets:: US$ per capita

  • Year 2006
  • Year 2007
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Listed domestic companies:: Number of listed domestic companies

  • Year 2006
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Stock market index:: Percentage change on index in national currency

  • Year 2006
  • Year 2007
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  • Year 2010

Shareholders' rights:: Shareholders' rights are sufficiently protected

  • Year 2006
  • Year 2007
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Financial institutions' transparency:: Financial institutions' transparency is sufficiently implemented

  • Year 2006
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Cash flow:: Cash flow is generally sufficient to allow companies to self-finance

  • Year 2006
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Corporate debt:: Corporate debt does not restrain the ability of enterprises to compete

  • Year 2006
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Factoring:: Percentage of merchandise exports

  • Year 2006
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Management Practices

Adaptability of companies:: Adaptability of companies to market changes is high

  • Year 2006
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Ethical practices:: Ethical practices are implemented in companies

  • Year 2006
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Credibility of managers:: Credibility of managers is prevalent in business

  • Year 2006
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Corporate boards:: Corporate boards do supervise the management of companies effectively

  • Year 2006
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Auditing and accounting practices:: Auditing and accounting practices are adequately implemented in business

  • Year 2006
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Shareholder value:: Shareholder value is efficiently managed

  • Year 2006
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Customer satisfaction:: Customer satisfaction is emphasized in companies

  • Year 2006
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Entrepreneurship:: Entrepreneurship of managers is widespread in business

  • Year 2006
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Marketing:: Marketing is conducted efficiently by enterprises

  • Year 2006
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Social responsibility:: Social responsibility of business leaders is high towards society

  • Year 2006
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Health, safety & environmental concerns:: Health, safety & environmental concerns are adequately addressed by management

  • Year 2006
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Attitudes and Values

Attitudes toward globalization:: Attitudes toward globalization are generally positive in your economy

  • Year 2006
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  • Year 2010

Image abroad:: The image abroad of your country/region encourages business development

  • Year 2006
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National culture:: The national culture is open to foreign ideas

  • Year 2006
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Flexibility and adaptability:: Flexibility and adaptability of people in your economy are high when faced with new challenges

  • Year 2006
  • Year 2007
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  • Year 2010

Need for economic and social reforms:: The need for economic and social reforms is generally understood by people in your society

  • Year 2006
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Values of society:: Values of society support competitiveness

  • Year 2006
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Corporate values:: Corporate values take into account the values of employees

  • Year 2006
  • Year 2007
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Infrastructure

Basic Infrastructure

Land area:: Square kilometers ('000)

  • Year 2006
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  • Year 2010

Arable area:: Square meters per capita

  • Year 2006
  • Year 2007
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Urbanization:: Urbanization of cities does not drain economic resources

  • Year 2006
  • Year 2007
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Population - market size:: Estimates in millions

  • Year 2006
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Population under years:: Percentage of total population

  • Year 2006
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Population over 65 years:: Percentage of total population

  • Year 2006
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  • Year 2008
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Dependency ratio:: Population under 15 and over 64 years old, divided by active population (15 to 64 years)

  • Year 2006
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Roads:: Density of the network

  • Year 2006
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Railroads:: Density of the network

  • Year 2006
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Air transportation:: Number of passengers carried by main companies

  • Year 2006
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Quality of air transportation:: Quality of air transportation encourages business development in your economy

  • Year 2006
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Distribution infrastructure:: The distribution infrastructure of goods and services is generally efficient

  • Year 2006
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Water transportation:: Water transportation (harbors, canals, etc.) meets business requirements

  • Year 2006
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Maintenance and development:: Maintenance and development of infrastructure are adequately planned and financed

  • Year 2006
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Energy infrastructure:: Energy infrastructure is adequate and efficient in your economy

  • Year 2006
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Total indigenous energy production:: Millions MTOE

  • Year 2006
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Total indigenous energy production per capita:: Millions MTOE per capita

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Total indigenous energy production:: Percentage of total requirements in tons of oil equivalent

  • Year 2006
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Total final energy consumption:: Millions MTOE

  • Year 2006
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Total final energy consumption per capita:: Millions MTOE per capita

  • Year 2006
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Energy intensity:: Commercial energy consumed for each dollar of GDP in kilojoules

  • Year 2006
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Electricity costs for industrial clients:: US$ per kwh

  • Year 2006
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Technological Infrastructure

Investment in telecommunications:: Percentage of GDP

  • Year 2006
  • Year 2007
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  • Year 2010

Fixed telephone lines:: Number of main lines per 1000 inhabitants

  • Year 2006
  • Year 2007
  • Year 2008
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International fixed telephone costs:: US$ per 3 minutes in peak hours to USA (for USA to Europe)

  • Year 2006
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Mobile telephone subscribers:: Number of subscribers per 1000 inhabitants

  • Year 2006
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Mobile telephone costs:: US$ per 3 minutes in peak hours (local)

  • Year 2006
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Communications technology:: Communications technology (voice and data) meets business requirements

  • Year 2006
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Computers in use:: Worldwide share / Source:: Computer Industry Almanac

  • Year 2006
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Computers per capita:: Number of computers per 1000 people / Source:: Computer Industry Almanac

  • Year 2006
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Internet users:: Number of internet users per 1000 people / Source:: Computer Industry Almanac

  • Year 2006
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Internet costs:: Cost for hours dial-up per month, US$

  • Year 2006
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Broadband subscribers:: Number of subscribers per 1000 inhabitants

  • Year 2006
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Broadband costs:: US$ per 100 kbits/s per month

  • Year 2006
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  • Year 2010

Information technology skills:: Information technology skills are readily available

  • Year 2006
  • Year 2007
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  • Year 2010

Technological cooperation:: Technological cooperation is developed between companies

  • Year 2006
  • Year 2007
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  • Year 2009
  • Year 2010

Development and application of technology:: Development and application of technology are supported by the legal environment

  • Year 2006
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Funding for technological development:: Funding for technological development is generally sufficient

  • Year 2006
  • Year 2007
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  • Year 2010

Technological regulation:: Technological regulation supports business development and innovation

  • Year 2006
  • Year 2007
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High-tech exports:: US$ millions

  • Year 2006
  • Year 2007
  • Year 2008
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  • Year 2010

High-tech exports:: Percentage of manufactured exports

  • Year 2006
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Cyber security:: Cyber security is being adequately addressed by corporations

  • Year 2006
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Scientific Infrastructure

Total expenditure on R&D:: US$ millions

  • Year 2006
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Total expenditure on R&D:: Percentage of GDP

  • Year 2006
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Total expenditure on R&D per capita:: US$ per capita

  • Year 2006
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Business expenditure on R&D:: US$ millions

  • Year 2006
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Business expenditure on R&D:: Percentage of GDP

  • Year 2006
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Total R&D personnel nationwide:: Full-time work equivalent (FTE)

  • Year 2006
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Total R&D personnel nationwide per capita:: Full-time work equivalent (FTE) per 1000 people

  • Year 2006
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Total R&D personnel in business enterprise:: Full-time work equivalent (FTE)

  • Year 2006
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Total R&D personnel in business per capita:: Full-time work equivalent (FTE) per1000 people

  • Year 2006
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Basic research:: Basic research does enhance long-term economic development

  • Year 2006
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Science degrees:: Percentage of total first university degrees in science and engineering

  • Year 2006
  • Year 2007
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  • Year 2010

Scientific articles:: Scientific articles published by origin of author

  • Year 2006
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Science in schools:: Science in schools is sufficiently emphasized

  • Year 2006
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Youth interest in science:: Youth interest in science is strong

  • Year 2006
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  • Year 2010

Nobel prizes:: Awarded in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine and economics since 1950

  • Year 2006
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  • Year 2010

Nobel prizes per capita:: Awarded in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine and economics since 1950 per mio people

  • Year 2006
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Patents granted to residents:: Number of patents granted to residents (average 2001 - 2003)

  • Year 2006
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  • Year 2010

Securing patents abroad:: Number of patents secured abroad by country residents

  • Year 2006
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Intellectual property rights:: Intellectual property rights are adequately enforced

  • Year 2006
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Number of patents in force:: Per 100,000 inhabitants

  • Year 2006
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Patent productivity:: Patents granted to residents / R&D personnel in business ('000s)

  • Year 2006
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Legal environment:: The legal environment supports scientific research

  • Year 2006
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Health and Environment

Total health expenditure:: Percentage of GDP

  • Year 2006
  • Year 2007
  • Year 2008
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  • Year 2010

Public expenditure on health:: Percentage of total health expenditure

  • Year 2006
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Health infrastructure:: Health infrastructure meets the needs of society

  • Year 2006
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Life expectancy at birth:: Average estimate

  • Year 2006
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Healthy life expectancy:: Average estimate

  • Year 2006
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Medical assistance:: Number of inhabitants per physician and per nurse

  • Year 2006
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Urban population:: Percentage of total population

  • Year 2006
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  • Year 2010

Human development index:: Combines economic - social - educational indicators / Source:: Human Development Report

  • Year 2006
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Health problems (AIDS, alcohol, drug abuse, etc.):: Health problems (AIDS, alcohol, etc.) do not have a significant impact on companies

  • Year 2006
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  • Year 2010

Paper and cardboard recycling rate:: Percentage of apparent consumption

  • Year 2006
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Waste water treatment plants:: Percentage of population served

  • Year 2006
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Carbon dioxide emissions:: CO2 emissions in metric tons per one million US$ of GDP

  • Year 2006
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Ecological footprint:: Area units per person, hectares of biologically productive space

  • Year 2006
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Sustainable development:: Sustainable development is a priority in companies

  • Year 2006
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Pollution problems:: Pollution problems do not seriously affect your economy

  • Year 2006
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Environmental laws:: Environmental laws and compliance do not hinder the competitiveness of businesses

  • Year 2006
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Quality of life:: Quality of life is high

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Education

Total public expenditure on education:: Percentage of GDP

  • Year 2006
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Pupil-teacher ratio (primary education):: Ratio of students to teaching staff

  • Year 2006
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Pupil-teacher ratio (secondary education):: Ratio of students to teaching staff

  • Year 2006
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Secondary school enrollment:: Percentage of relevant age group receiving full-time education

  • Year 2006
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Higher education achievement:: Percentage of population that has attained at least tertiary education for persons 25 -34

  • Year 2006
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  • Year 2010

Educational assessment:: PISA survey of 15-year olds

  • Year 2006
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Educational system:: The educational system meets the needs of a competitive economy

  • Year 2006
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University education:: University education meets the needs of a competitive economy

  • Year 2006
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Illiteracy:: Adult (over years) illiteracy rate as a percentage of population

  • Year 2006
  • Year 2007
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  • Year 2010

Economic literacy:: Economic literacy is generally high among the population

  • Year 2006
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Education in finance:: Education in finance does meet the needs of enterprises

  • Year 2006
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Language skills:: Language skills are meeting the needs of enterprises

  • Year 2006
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Qualified engineers:: Qualified engineers are available in your labor market

  • Year 2006
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Knowledge transfer:: Knowledge transfer is highly developed between companies and universities

  • Year 2006
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