One Laptop per Child/lang-ja

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In January 2005 the MIT Media Lab launched a new research initiative to develop a $100 laptop—a technology that could revolutionize how we educate the world's children. To achieve this goal, a new, non-profit association, One Laptop per Child (OLPC), was created, which is independent of MIT.

The official project website is located at laptop.org. There is also a comprehensive description of the project in the Wikipedia.

The table of contents for this wiki can be found here.

概要

“One laptop per child”(全ての子供たちにラップトップを)とはコンセプトです。これは教育のプロジェクトであって、ラップトップ（を開発するため）のプロジェクトではありません。このコンセプトを実現する方法は一つではなく、非営利団体であるOLPCなりの実現方法である、いわゆる"100ドルラップトップ"に限ったものではありません。OLPCの主張はシンプルです：多くの子供たち、—特に発展途上国の都市部から離れた地域にすむ子供たち—は学校—場合によっては木陰の—へ行く方法すらないため、学校の建設や教師の訓練—恐らく最も遅い方法でしょう—がこのような状況を解決していく唯一の方法なのです。このような学校建設や教師の訓練といった活動は万難を拝し継続すべきものですが、OLPCが提案するもう一つのそして同時並行的な取り組みは子供たちの持つ学習意欲をより直接的に活性化することで、子供たち自信の力を利用することです。（2007/8/9翻訳途中：Spiky）

“One laptop per child” is a concept. It is an education project, not a laptop project. It can be implemented in more than one way, by no means limited to the embodiment of the OLPC non-profit association’s so-called “$100 Laptop.” The argument for olpc is simple: many children—especially those in rural parts of developing countries—have so little access to school—in some cases just a tree—that building schools and training teachers is only one way—perhaps the slowest way—to alleviate the situation. While such building programs and teacher education must not stop, another and parallel method advised by OLPC is to leverage the children themselves by engaging them more directly in their own learning. It may sound implausible to equip the poorest children with connected laptops when rich children may not have them, but it is not. Laptops can be affordable and children are more capable than they are given credit for.

"学ぶこと"を学ぶこと

Learning is our main goal; we do not focus on computer literacy, as that is a by-product of the fluency children will gain through use of the laptop for learning. Children—especially young children—do not need to learn about IT and certainly do not need to be fluent users of WORD, EXCEL and POWERPOINT—They are not office workers. However, picking up these skills, having grown up with a laptop, will be readily accomplished.

Learning some math facts while learning to hate math is far from ideal. Learning about things that are personally meaningful while constructing knowledge—especially where children realize that they had to extend themselves beyond what they believed they were capable of doing—is both natural and liberating.

Children need to learn learning, which is primarily acquired through the passion that comes from access, the ability to make things, to communicate and to express. Writing a computer program, while seemingly esoteric, is in fact the closest a child can come to thinking about thinking. Likewise, debugging a program is the closest one can come to learning learning.

It goes without saying that Internet access and tools for expression (text, music, video, graphics) are the contemporary “toys” for learning. Every child of any means in the developed world has access to a computer at home and usually his or her own, with music, DVD, plus interactive and rich media to do anything from learning languages to play games.

Making these same resources available to the roughly one-billion other children, who do not have such access, has seemed ridiculously daunting, but is no longer. This is simply because the high costs of laptops has been artificial and perpetuated, not innate. It is fair to say that OLPC has broken this spell and companies like Intel are following it.

The intransigence of the problems of formal education in the face of conventional solutions, combined with pervasive poverty and the need for high-quality lifelong learning for inclusion in the global knowledge-based economy, warrants new thinking. The same digital technology that has enabled an unparalleled growth of knowledge, when combined with new methodologies for learning, can unleash the latent learning potential of the children of world.

Poor children lack opportunity, not capacity for learning. By providing laptops to every child without cost to the child, we bring the poor child the same opportunities for learning that wealthy families bring to their children.

大規模な試行と集中的試行

Consider immunization by analogy. Inoculating a few people here and there has no meaning. Scale is needed. Likewise with laptops. And furthermore, each child has to own his or her own machine and view it not as government property, but as a personal medium, cherished like a bicycle. The child is more confident, has greater self-esteem, and is more entrepreneurial than children without this tool.

Building computer labs in schools was an earlier approach—and perhaps the only one possible in the past. Such labs cater to a formal classroom setting. Today, additional approaches are possible. A laptop program can reach every child within the context of informal settings, which are the only ones available to many children. A nationwide roll out of personal machines can capture many more hours per day than school itself, not to mention night time, weekends and holidays. This will mobilize children. In addition it has significant spill-over effect on the entire family where a child has the OLPC.

Of the many values of scale, the foremost is the child as teacher. Peer-to-peer learning is one of the best ways to leverage children. The reach of such collaboration can go far beyond national borders and, in the longer term, lead to the bigger goals of world peace and understanding. To this end, OLPC is launching on three continents and in at least six countries.

学校という枠組みを超えて

Any parent whose child has a laptop at home has almost undoubtedly asked that child for help. What then follows is a change in one’s relationship with the child, with more elements of friendship and (on the child’s part) self-esteem. This by no means destroys the parent-child relationship. On the contrary, it enhances it. A bond to learning is formed between the child and parent at home.

The teacher-child relationship can and will likewise benefit. With sufficient self-confidence, teachers can learn from children without risk of unraveling the fabric of education—quite the contrary, improving it.

Children must not only own the laptop, but take it home. In so doing the whole family will benefit. Current pilot projects have shown unequivocally that parents become more engaged in their child’s learning and, very often, learn to use the laptops themselves. The role of the child in society changes; it is a more productive role. The child is not the object of change but the agent of change.

特徴

Children need more—not fewer—features than high-end laptops. Notably, they need three things unique to their condition: low power, sunlight readability, and automatic connectivity.

Low power is key. Most children do not have electricity at home. Therefore, a laptop needs to run on both human power and long-life batteries. Human power, whether cranking or other gestures, must run a laptop at least 1-to-10: one minute of cranking provides ten minutes of use. In the case of batteries, a 10-hour life is need. Laptops cannot be plugged in at desks in classrooms. Even the richest school does not provide power to each desk.

Sunlight-readable displays are important for outdoor use as well as power conservation. This should be achieved as an option to traditional backlighting, not as a replacement to it. Both are needed. Furthermore, during night-time use, the laptop itself needs to be the light source for the surrounding area.

Connectivity cannot assume DSL, WiFi hotspots, or the like. Instead, the laptops collectively have to make a network automatically, without child or teacher intervention. Roughly 500 children should be able to share a single point of back haul to the Internet. While this may be modest bandwidth, among themselves and with a school server they must have very broadband connections.

A further goal of the OLPC effort is to awaken the software and hardware giants to the needs of children in the developing world and thus to reconsider their strategies.

ラップトップ　ギャラリー

There is a more extensive image gallery here.

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機器

Design Continuumによってデザインされた緑号プロトタイプがWSIS, Tunisiaにて国連事務局長Kofi AnnanとNicholas Negroponteによって公開されました。

Fuseprojectがより新しいプロトタイプを開発しました。

プロジェクトには異なる人力オプション、例えば手回しクランク、足踏みペダル、そしてプリーシステム（訳注：紐をぐいっっとひっぱって発電するシステム）等、を模索するグループがあります。私たちのゴールはラップトップを使用するために最低でも1:10比の"クランキング"を達成することです。これはすなわち、1分クランクをまわすことで、10分利用できることを意味します。なお注意いただきたい点として、内蔵クランクについては殆ど効果がなく現実的でないという結論を下しました。すなわち人力による発電システムは本体とは分離したデバイスにしたほうが人間工学的に最も効率がよいという理由によるものです。このような発電システムが出来上がり次第、すみやかにその詳細について報告をいたします。人々が現在どのように人力発電機を利用しているかの例については、とりあえずFreecharge portable chargerをご覧下さい。

第一世代のラップトップのhardware specification は必要なものはだいたいおさえています。このデザインが現在入手可能なその他の"laptop"とは異なり、果たして本当に革新的なもので全く新しいラップトップのカテゴリになり得るかについては様々な見方があります。

The Green Machine prototype, styled by Design Continuum, was unveiled at WSIS, Tunisia by UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan and Nicholas Negroponte.

Fuseproject has developed the more recent prototypes.

We have several groups looking at different human-power options, including a hand crank, a foot treadle, and a pully system. Our goal is a minimum of a 1:10 ratio of "cranking" to use, e.g., one minute of cranking give you ten minutes of use. Note that we've determined that built in cranks are less efficient and impractical; human powered systems are best done for ergonomic reasons in separate devices. We'll post details of the generation systems as they become available. In the meantime you can look at Freecharge portable charger for examples of how people are already doing human-powered generators.

The hardware specification for the first generation machine is pretty much set. There are many aspects in which this design is truly ground breaking and make this the first of a new class of systems, unlike any other "laptop" in the world.

ソフトウェア

私たちはこのプロジェクトをOpen Sourceの原則に従うことを宣言しています。私たちの行動指針:OLPC on open source softwareをご覧下さい。

開発に当たって注意すべき点(development issues)はありますが、このラップトップのためのソフトウェア開発はきわめてシンプルです。ソフトウェア開発における私たちのパートナーはRed Hatです。 私たちは丁度OLPC software task listの作成を開始しました。このリストを洗練されたものとするため支援をよろしくお願いします。

Discussion of eBook feature setは抽象的なあるいは既存の異なるeBookリーダーとの関係の両方においてすでにある機能と新しい機能についてのページです。

Wiki as an ebook readerではebook配信メディアとしてのwikiの妥当性と、100ドルラップトップが取り組もうとしているその他の課題のいくつかを解決するのに役立つ理由を議論しています。

We are committed to the principle of Open Source for this project. Please refer to our manifesto: OLPC on open source software.

Developing software for this machine is very straight forward, though there are development issues you should be aware of. Our partner in software development is Red Hat. We have begun an OLPC software task list. Please help us refine this list.

Discussion of eBook feature set is a page in which traditional and nontraditional features are discussed both in abstract and in relation to the different eBook readers out there.

Wiki as an ebook reader is where we discuss the suitability of wiki as an ebook distribution medium, and why it would help solve some of the other challenges that the $100 laptop is trying to address.

教育関連コンテンツ

OLPCはNicholas Negroponteの著書 'ビーイング・デジタル'に記されている原理とともに、Seymour Papertとそれを受けついだAlan Kayによって開発されたconstructivist 学習理論をその拠り所としています。私たちの取り組み手法の背景の一部はDavid Cavalloのエッセイ"Models for growth—towards fundamental change in learning environments" にも見ることができますし、Antonio Battroがreflections and actions concerning a globalized educationに記しています。

OLPC is based on constructivist theories of learning pioneered by Seymour Papert and later Alan Kay, as well as the principles expressed in Nicholas Negroponte's book 'Being Digital'. Some background on our approach can be gleaned from David Cavallo's essay, "Models for growth—towards fundamental change in learning environments" Antonio Battro has written on reflections and actions concerning a globalized education.

プロジェクト立ち上げ計画

OLPCの開発するラップトップは各国政府に対して販売が行われ、"one laptop per child"を基本として学校から子供たちに貸与されます。OLPCに関係する議論が多くの国で進んでおり、私たちはブラジル, アルゼンチン, リビア, ナイジェリア, そしてタイにおけるプログラムの立ち上げに関し更に詳細な議論をしています。さほど多くない（ラップトップの）プロトタイプの初期ロットは2007年初頭に、その他の多くの国のシードデベロッパーへ割り当てられます。ラップトップの商用バージョンについても検討が進んでいます。

OLPCグループの存在する国々のリストについてはCategory: Countriesを参照ください。

Country Task Force Meetingからの写真が閲覧できるようになっています。

The laptops will be sold to governments and issued to children by schools on a basis of "one laptop per child." Discussions are ongoing with many countries and we are in detailed discussions regarding a launch of the program in Brazil, Argentina, Libya, Nigeria, and Thailand. A modest allocation of machines will be used to seed developer communities in a number of other countries in early 2007. A commercial version of the machine will be explored in parallel.

See Category: Countries for a list of pages for countries that have OLPC groups.

Pictures from the Country Task Force Meeting are now available.

プロジェクトに参加するには

「OLPCに参加するには(Getting involved in OLPC)」, 「OLPCアイデア箱(OLPC Idea Pool)」, IRCチャネル(irc.freenode.net, #OLPC), 「特定のLinuxディストリビューションに限定しない一般的OLPCの議論(mailing lists)」、そして「OLPCでの職探し(Jobs at OLPC)」のページなどがこのWikiサイトに準備されています。

OLPC向けFedora Projectのページでは、OLPCハードウェア向けFedora用ソフトウェアを配布していますし、Fedora OLPC関連メーリングリストに参加することができます。

私たちはデバイスドライバ, 電源管理, 無線LAN, distribution, そしてユーザインタフェース関連の作業のために早い時期にハードウェアを必要とする人々のために、膨大な数の動作するプロトタイプを組み立ててきました。「OLPC開発者用掲示板の利用についての注意書き(notes on using the OLPC developer boards)」の冒頭には、これらのハードウェアを利用する人たちのための有用な情報が記載されています。もしこのプロジェクトを支援するための時間と情熱と、そして能力があるならば、是非Developers Programへの参加をお願いします。

あわせて, OLPC Google Summer of Codeなんてのも開催しているのでよろしく。

There is a page in this wiki dedicated to Getting involved in OLPC, an OLPC Idea Pool page, an IRC channel (irc.freenode.net, #OLPC), mailing lists for generic OLPC discussions not specific to any Linux distribution, and a Jobs at OLPC page.

There is a Fedora Project for OLPC, where you can get the Fedora software for the OLPC hardware and join Fedora OLPC related mailing lists.

We have had significant quantities of prototype electronics built for people who need early access to the hardware for device driver, power management, wireless, distribution and UI work. The beginnings of notes on using the OLPC developer boards contain information that may be useful to those working on this early hardware. Please get involved in the Developers Program if you have the time, energy and ability to help.

Also, we are doing a OLPC Google Summer of Code.

翻訳について

laptop.orgウェブサイトのために、新しいPOファイルのセットを用意しています。Localization/www.laptop.orgにより詳しい情報（とその元になる英語のファイル群）があります。これらのファイルをあなたの母国語に翻訳をするか、あるいは内容を見直しコメントをすることで私たちを支援することができます。

OLPCウェブサイトのnewを見て支援をよろしくお願いします。今のところEnglish USとSpanishを用意しています。

また現在進行中のKorean, Portuguese, そしてSimplified Chineseの翻訳の支援をよろしくお願いします。（訳注：日本語も含めねば！spiky）

私たちが全てを翻訳をすることはできませんが、あなたがどれを母国語の翻訳で読みたいかを是非お聞かせください。あなたが翻訳を考えておられる なら、是非ご連絡を！

いまや'古く'なってしまった初期バージョンのArabic, Bengali, Catalan, Danish, German, Greek, English (US), Farsi (Persian), Finnish, French, Hausa, Hebrew, Hindi, Indonesian, Igbo, Italian, Japanese, Lao, Nepali, Norwegian, Dutch, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Telugu, Turkish, Thai, Ukrainian, Vietnamese, Yoruba, Traditional Chinese, そしてSimplified ChineseのPOファイルを作成くださった全ての翻訳者と校正者の方々の努力に感謝いたします。

There's a new set of PO files for the laptop.org website. You can find more information (and the base english files) at Localization/www.laptop.org. You can help us by either translating them into your native language or reviewing and correcting them.

Help us review the new OLPC website. We have versions in English US, and Spanish.

Help the ongoing translation work of Korean, Portuguese, and Simplified Chinese.

We can't translate everything, but we sure want to hear what you would like to see translated into your language. If you got a translation to suggest please let us know!

We would like to thank all the translators and reviewers for their efforts that made the first versions of the now 'old' PO files in Arabic, Bengali, Catalan, Danish, German, Greek, English (US), Farsi (Persian), Finnish, French, Hausa, Hebrew, Hindi, Indonesian, Igbo, Italian, Japanese, Lao, Nepali, Norwegian, Dutch, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Telugu, Turkish, Thai, Ukrainian, Vietnamese, Yoruba, Traditional Chinese, and Simplified Chinese.

よくある質問と答え(FAQ)

公式FAQがこのプロジェクトのサイトにあります; さらに広範な質問（とそれに対する回答）を集めたものはここ:OLPC FAQです。ここにない質問についてはお気軽にAsk OLPC a Questionへ書き込みをどうぞ。その他OLPCにまつわる様々な話はOLPC mythsです。

このプロジェクトの創世記に関する様々な情報を集める目的でHistory of OLPCというページが別途用意されました。

The official FAQ is on the project website; a more extensive collection of questions (and answers) is here: OLPC FAQ. Please feel free to pose additional questions here: Ask OLPC a Question. There is also a collection of OLPC myths.

A separate page has been created for the History of OLPC to collect information about the genesis of the project.