Localization
Internationalization technology is the technology for representing and composing the languages spoken, taught or used in your countries. Localization is the process of taking software or content and adapting it for local use.
Localization involves fonts, script layout, input methods, speech synthesis, musical instrumentation, collating order, number & date formats, dictionaries, and spelling checkers, among other issues.
Linux is already more widely localized than Microsoft Windows since no cooperation from a vendor is required to do so: having said this, cooperation with the free software and content community is vital to reduce overall work required.
The size of the problem is huge. Ethnologue has extensive information on the languages of the world.
- See also Wikipedia's definition
This is an outline of (some of) the core topics and tools, and issues of localization.
(If you need to localize the keyboard symbols for a laptop issued during the developer-phase of our program, please refer to the instructions found on the Customizing NAND images#Keyboard page of the wiki.)
Basic Localization Topics
Character Sets
Unicode is fully supported in “modern” applications and toolkits used in free software. Legacy character set support also present, but modern applications use Unicode.
Collation order (the text sorting order) is generally well supported in the C library.
- See also: Category:Fonts, Unicode.
Script Layout
OLPC uses the Pango library, which is able to layout most of the “hard” languages, including: Arabic, the Indic languages, Hebrew, Persian, Thai, etc. It has a modular pluggable layout engine and supports vertical text, as well as supporting bi-directional layout. Overall, some issues remain – but overall Pango can handle most scripts already; if it cannot, modules can be built to handle new scripts as documented in Pango's reference manual.
- See also: Category:Languages (international)
Fonts
To share content and preserve cultural heritage OLPC's goal must be and is full coverage of all the world's languages. By using the Fontconfig system Linux has a better concept of language coverage of fonts than other systems. Fontconfig is used to configure the font system and determine what set of fonts are needed to cover a set of languages.
The formats of fonts supported on Linux include OpenType, TrueType and many others: see Freetype for details. Most of the font formats supported by Freetype are obsolete, and by far the best results on the screen will be had from OpenType and TrueType format fonts, particularly if they are hinted well. Type 1 fonts are useful primarily for printing; the renderer for Type1 fonts in Freetype we have today is not very good, and Type 1 does not support programmatic hinting for low resolution screens.
The OLPC XO-1 has a high resolution screen. High resolution helps OLPC considerably, particularly in grayscale mode at 200DPI. [Wikipedia as usual, is a starting point for free fonts. "Font foundries" are companies who will contract to produce fonts.
Free Fonts
Free fonts are available for most scripts in the world, though some fonts are licensed incorrectly for completely free redistribution.
Need for Screen Fonts
Applications and content should be usable on other screens everywhere, not just on OLPC's high resolution screen. Therefore the OLPC community needs to work together on extending the coverage of high quality screen fonts. The "DejaVu" font family (derived from Bitstream Vera) covers most Latin alphabets and some other languages. This family has in general good "hinting" for screen use. The Red Hat "Liberation" family recently became available to help substitute for the Microsoft family of fonts, but does not yet have very wide coverage.
SIL International also builds fonts for a number of additional languages of local interest.
Helping with these or other efforts to build fonts or to increase coverage of existing fonts is greatly appreciated. Pooling efforts on hinting glyphs, which is boring but important work, and/or donations and buyouts are also being investigated.
Keyboards
OLPC Keyboard layouts document OLPC's currently available keyboard layouts: further layouts are a modest amount of work if there are existing designs for those languages. People with local expertise will need to work with OLPC staff to generate new layouts.
- See also: Category:Keyboard, HIG-Input Systems-Keyboard
Input Methods
An input method is software that allows typing of scripts with many more characters than keyboard keys. Examples include languages such as Chinese, Japanese, and Korean.
Free software systems now are using SCIM - Smart Common Input Method Platform. SCIM is replacing older input method systems.
Knowing what languages are taught as “foreign” languages, as well as are native in an area is needed to design keyboards that are most useful in each country. For example, the Nigerian keyboard is designed to allow easy entry of English, Hausa, and Yoruba, which are common languages in much of Nigeria. The "US/International" covers most of the western European languages.
Some issues remain in our base technology. For example: Arabic ligatures could present problems: by avoiding putting them on the keyboard we avoided the need for an input method. However, such workarounds may not be feasible for your language.
- See also: Input methods, HIG-Input Systems
Accessibility and Usability
Speech Synthesis
Speech synthesis has a set of complex tradoffs of synthesizer size versus fidelity versus effort to localize a new language. See Speech synthesis.
- See also Category:Accessibility
Music and Sound Samples
We want much more than dead white male western instruments for dead white male composers!
Clean samples of your musical instruments and music needed!
Samples need appropriate licensing terms.
- See also TamTam: Sounds
Dictionaries, Spelling Checkers, Thesaurus
There is existing support for most major languages.
Spelling, Hyphenation, Thesaurus dictionaries may be needed for different parts of Linux, which may or may not apply to OLPC directly; for example you can check:
Of these, the first three are most immediately interesting to OLPC, as we use versions of these codebases as part of the Sugar environment.
Character Recognition
Stroke/character recognizer localization is of some interest with the pen/tablet: in the future (Gen 2) when we have a touch screen they will become essential. xstroke is one such individual character/stroke recognizer, sufficient for alphabets of up to about 100 characters.
Considerations
Current Shortcomings
There are some real shortcomings where help is needed. These include:
- Non-Gregorian calendars
- Non-Latin digits (Roozbeh Pournader has patches, but these are not yet integrated and may need help).
- and the sheer scale of the localization problem will eventually require changes in free software projects.
Localization Techniques
It only takes a small team to localize Linux for a language: e.g. Welsh, Icelandic, which are relatively small languages, have been pretty fully localized by small teams.
You can do the work yourself, hire the work out, or find volunteers among universities (worldwide), the world wide internet and free software community. Add to existing projects whenever possible. By checking with some of the major free software projects (e.g. Gnome, OpenOffice, Mozilla, KDE), you can often locate people already at work in your language.
Work directly in the software and content projects whenever possible. This makes your work available worldwide, while lessens the ongoing work. If you keep your localization work local, others cannot benefit from your work and effort and your software and content will be that much harder to localize.
Tools
Some example tools include pootle, kbabel and rosetta. Most software uses the GNU “gettext” libraries and standard .po files, including Sugar; Firefox and OpenOffice have their own systems for historical reasons. Wordforge is a good place to get plugged into tools and the community efforts.
The cldr project is worth watching, though OpenOffice is the first major project using this.
Remember, contribute your translations to the “upstream” projects to minimize long term effort: share your work with the world. Do not presume that if one Linux distribution has your effort that you are finished; some Linux distributions are not good about working with the community that builds and distributes the original software.
Licensing
Translated strings will often be useful among many projects, not just the the project you are working on translating, therefore, since the MIT/BSD (3 clause) licenses are usable by all projects, these are the safest licenses to use for translation to enable widest sharing.
The SIL OFL license recommended for Fonts. An often overlooked issue with fonts is that they are incorporated into documents themselves (for example, into PDF documents) and that therefore licensing needs to be considered carefully.
- See also Software licensing
Next Steps
Localization is by nature local: but languages often crosses borders. Please contact Jim Gettys to identify issues.
We need identified people/organizations responsible for language, translation, keyboards, speech synthesis, an effective free software community leaders to help with local deployment and "on the ground" knowledge.
Sugar Localization
Sugar and sugar applications use standard .po files, and can be localized using the usual tools. Sugar_18n goes in the details of the localization process.
General Linux Localization
By looking at the gnome, mozilla, OpenOffice, KDE projects, you can get plugged into translating other Linux software of general interest.
Localization of Python
- See Python i18n for details and a step-by-step example.
Current l10n projects
library exchange
- Library strings -- header and descriptive strings for an OLPC sample library. Includes some PO-like strings for the following sections:
- Localization/www.laptop.org -- The l10n effort for the new www.laptop.org website
- We can't translate everything, but we sure want to hear what you would like to see translated into your language. If you got a translation to suggest please let us know!
activities
Add / include links to upstream localization where appropriate.
- camera — en | es | ko | pt | zh-CN
- web?
- read?
- write?
- blockparty?
games
- See also
- Translators & Translating for the localization of this wiki.
i18n & l10n
The following table is focused on the list of languages present in the currently 'green status' countries (Argentina, Brazil, Ethiopia, India, Libya, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Thailand, United States, Uruguay). Countries with other 'status' may benefit from efforts for the 'green languages', plus add their own set of languages. Each language must be fully supported for the Localization effort.
| Language | Green Countries | Red Countries | Orange |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | Libya | Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq (+), Israel (+), Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon (+), Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Sudan (+), Syria (+), Tunisia, Yemen | |
| English | Nigeria, Rwanda, USA (+) |
Belize (+), Pakistan (+), Philippines (+) | Canada (+), Gambia, Guyana, India (+), Kenya (+), Mauritius (+), Namibia (+), Saint Kitts and Nevis, Sierra Leone, Singapore (+), South Africa (+), St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda (+), Zimbabwe (+) |
| French | Rwanda | Haiti (+) | Benin, Cameroon (+), Democratic Republic of the Congo (+), Gabon, Mali, Niger, Senegal, St. Martin (+), Togo |
| Hausa | Nigeria | ||
| Igbo | Nigeria | ||
| Kinyarwanda | Rwanda | ||
| Portuguese | Brazil | Angola | Mozambique, Portugal, São Tomé and Príncipe |
| Spanish | Argentina, Peru (+), Uruguay, USA (+) |
Belize, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala (+), Honduras, México (+), Nicaragua, Panamá, Colombia | Bolivia (+), Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Paraguay (+), Puerto Rico (+), Spain (+), Venezuela (+) |
| Thai | Thailand | ||
| Yoruba | Nigeria | ||
| Other non-green languages | Ethiopia, Indonesia, Philippines (+), Pakistan (+), Vietnam | Afghanistan, Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan (+), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cambodia, China (+), Croatia, Cyprus, Eritrea, Estonia, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India (+), Iran, Italy, Japan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Malaysia, Moldova, Mongolia, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Turkey, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vatican City | |
The following table presents on a per country base the target languages that must be considered for the Localization effort of the countries with 'green status' (Argentina, Brazil, Ethiopia, India, Libya, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Thailand, United States, Uruguay).
| Country | Target Languages | Mayor/important languages | Minor/relevant languages |
|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina EthnologueAR |
[spa] Spanish | [quh] Quechua (0.85M - 2.1%) | See OLPC Argentina/Languages |
| Brazil EthnologueBR |
[por] Portuguese | none reported by Ethnologue BR above 50,000 speakers. | |
| Libya EthnologueLY |
[arb] Arabic, Standard | [ayl] Arabic, Libyan Spoken (4.2M - 75%), [jbn] Nafusi (0.14M - 2.5%) |
[rmt] Domari (0.03M - 0.6%) |
| Nigeria EthnologueNG |
[eng] English, [hau] Hausa —(18.5M - 13.5%), [yor] Yoruba —(18.9M - 13.8%) |
[bin] Edo (1.0M - 0.7%) official, [efi] Efik (0.4M - 0.3%) official, [fub] Fulfulde, Adamawa (7.6M - 5.6%) official, [fuv] Fulfulde, Nigerian (1.7M - 1.2%), [ibb] Ibibio (1.5M to 2.0M - 1.0-1.5%), [idu] Idoma (0.6M - 0.4%) official, [ibo] Igbo (18.0M - 13.1%) official, [knc] Kanuri, Central (3.0M - 2.2%) official, [tiv] Tiv (2.2M - 1.6%) |
See OLPC Nigeria/Languages |
| Peru EthnologueNG |
[spa] Spanish | pending | See OLPC Peru/Languages |
| Rwanda EthnologueRW |
[kin] Kinyarwanda, [fra] French, [eng] English |
[swh] Swahili (0.01M - 1.3%) | |
| Thailand EthnologueTH |
Thai (dialects?) | [nan] Chinese, Min Nan (1.1M - 1.7%), [kxm] Khmer, Northern (1.1M - 1.8%), [mfa] Malay, Pattani (3.1M - 4.8%), [tha] Thai (20.2M - 32%), [tts] Thai, Northeastern (15.0M - 23%), [nod] Thai, Northern (6.0M - 9.2%), [sou] Thai, Southern (5.0M - 7.7%) |
[ksw] Karen, S'gaw (0.3M - 0.5%), [kdt] Kuy (0.3M - 0.5%) |
| Uruguay EthnologueUY |
[spa] Spanish | none other reported by Ethnologue UY | |
| USA EthnologueUS |
[eng] English | [spa] Spanish (22.4M - 7.5%), [___] Polish (3.4M - 1.1%), [deu] German, Standard (6.1M - 2.0%), [___] Arabic (3.0M - 1.0%) |
[___] Armenian (1.1M - 0.4%), [___] Chinese (1.6M - 0.5%), [___] Czech (1.5M - 0.5%), [___] Eastern Yiddish (1.3M - 0.4%), [___] French (1.1M - 0.4%), [frc] French, Cajun (1.0M - 0.3%), [hwc] Hawai'i Creole English (0.6M - 0.2%), [___] Italian (0.9M - 0.3%), [___] Japanese (0.8M - 0.3%), [___] Korean (1.8M - 0.6%), [___] Philippines (1.4M - 0.5%), [___] Portuguese (1.3M - 0.4%), [___] Swedish (0.6M - 0.2%), [___] Ukrainian (0.8M - 0.3%), [___] Vietnamese (0.9M - 0.3%), [___] Vlax Romani (0.7M - 0.2%), [___] Western Farsi (0.9M - 0.3%) |
Country groups and descriptions
- Albania
- Argentina
- Austria
- Brazil
- China
- Colombia
- Egypt
- Ethiopia
- Spain
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- India
- Kenya
- 한국 (S.Korea)
- 조선 (N.Korea)
- Laos
- Libya
- Nepal
- Nigeria
- Poland
- Romania
- Russia
- South Africa
- Sri Lanka
- Thailand
- Uruguay
Korean-based Communities
People using Korean as their native language are those in South Korea (한국인) and North Korea (조선인). Some Chinese and those with other nationalities, living in the Nothern part of Korea also are using Korean as their second language, because of some historical issues. They are called as 고려인(Korea-in) and 조선족 (Chosun-zok or Korean Chinese) respectively.
Currently OLPC Korea (or XO Korea) is covering all those nations and regions. In a near future, we hope there will be regional XO groups for those.